1. Chapter 4 Made From the Soil

2. Sacred Balance Chapter 4 and Bonney Woods/ Sandy River Soil Profile Soil Profile Soil Ph Soil Ph Soil biodiversity in the O horizon Soil biodiversity in the O horizon Tree Species biodiversity Tree Species biodiversity

5. Rock Cycle Terminology Lava Flow out of volcano leads to crystallization of magma to form igneous rock Lava Flow out of volcano leads to crystallization of magma to form igneous rock Erosion caused by wind and rain of solid rock to form sediment Erosion caused by wind and rain of solid rock to form sediment Transportation of sediments via rivers and streams Transportation of sediments via rivers and streams Deposition of sediments: sediments settle at the bottom of the ocean Deposition of sediments: sediments settle at the bottom of the ocean Compaction and cementation: sediments compact due to pressure and cement due to mineral accumulation forming sedimentary rock Compaction and cementation: sediments compact due to pressure and cement due to mineral accumulation forming sedimentary rock Metamorphism: under heat and pressure sedimentary rock becomes metamorphic rock Metamorphism: under heat and pressure sedimentary rock becomes metamorphic rock Melting of metamorphic rock Melting of metamorphic rock

6. Rock Cycle Rock Cycle Rock Cycle Rock Cycle Rock Cycle Rock cycle Rock cycle Process of Weathering and Erosion Process of Weathering and Erosion Responsible for the creation of soil Responsible for the creation of soil Biodiversity: Diversity of Life Biodiversity: Diversity of Life Biodiversity of soil Biodiversity of soil Increased soil biodiversity Increased soil biodiversity Increased tree biodiversity Increased tree biodiversity

7. From Rock to Soil Creation of Soil (Adapted from: Wagner & Sanford, 2005) Creation of Soil (Adapted from: Wagner & Sanford, 2005) Soil formation (pedogenesis) and the properties of the soils are the result of five key factors. These factors are: Parent material: the material from which the soil is formed. Soil parent material can be bedrock, organic material, or surficial deposits from water, wind, glaciers, or volcanoes. Soil formation (pedogenesis) and the properties of the soils are the result of five key factors. These factors are: Parent material: the material from which the soil is formed. Soil parent material can be bedrock, organic material, or surficial deposits from water, wind, glaciers, or volcanoes. Climate: heat and moisture break down the parent material and affect how fast or slow the soil processes go. Climate: heat and moisture break down the parent material and affect how fast or slow the soil processes go. Organisms: all plants and animals living on or in the soil. The dead remains of plants and animals become organic matter in the soil, and the animals living in the soil af­fect the decomposition of organic materials. Organisms: all plants and animals living on or in the soil. The dead remains of plants and animals become organic matter in the soil, and the animals living in the soil af­fect the decomposition of organic materials. Topography: the location of a soil on the landscape can affect how climatic forces im­pact it. For example, soils at the bottom of a hill will be wetter than those near the top of the slopes. Topography: the location of a soil on the landscape can affect how climatic forces im­pact it. For example, soils at the bottom of a hill will be wetter than those near the top of the slopes. Time: all the above soil-forming factors assert themselves over time, from hundreds to tens of thousands of years Time: all the above soil-forming factors assert themselves over time, from hundreds to tens of thousands of years

8. Mechanical Weathering (p. 125) Breaks rock into smaller fragments without altering it’s chemical structure. Breaks rock into smaller fragments without altering it’s chemical structure. Water percolates into cracks and crevices expanding as it freezes it can split the rock apart. Water percolates into cracks and crevices expanding as it freezes it can split the rock apart.

9. Chemical Weathering (p. 126) Chemical Weathering: Alters the chemical structure of rock by removing some constituents and leaving others. Chemical Weathering: Alters the chemical structure of rock by removing some constituents and leaving others. Rain picks of CO2 from the sky creating carbonic acid that will slowly break down rock. Rain picks of CO2 from the sky creating carbonic acid that will slowly break down rock.

10. Biological Weathering (p. 127) Microorganisms extruded chemicals that leached rock for useful elements. Microorganisms extruded chemicals that leached rock for useful elements.

12. Nitrogen Cycle Terminology Animal waste and Plant matter exist on the surface of the soil. Animal waste and Plant matter exist on the surface of the soil. Decomposers (Bacteria and Fungi) break down animal waste and plant matter and convert it to Ammonia (NH 3 ) Decomposers (Bacteria and Fungi) break down animal waste and plant matter and convert it to Ammonia (NH 3 ) Nitrosimonas bacteria convert Ammonia to Nitrite (NO 2 ) Nitrosimonas bacteria convert Ammonia to Nitrite (NO 2 ) Nitrobacter bacteria convert Nitrite (NO 2 ) to Nitrate (NO 3 ) Nitrobacter bacteria convert Nitrite (NO 2 ) to Nitrate (NO 3 ) Nitrates can be taken up directly by plants and are essential for plant growth and reproduction Nitrates can be taken up directly by plants and are essential for plant growth and reproduction Atmospheric Nitrogen(N 2 ) fixing bacteria exist on legume (bean) root nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) to Ammonia (NH 3 ) Atmospheric Nitrogen(N 2 ) fixing bacteria exist on legume (bean) root nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) to Ammonia (NH 3 ) Fertilizers contain nitrates to enhance plant growth and are added directly to the soil Fertilizers contain nitrates to enhance plant growth and are added directly to the soil Atmospheric Nitrogen (N 2 ) can be converted to Nitrite (NO 2 ) by the enormous energy from lightening. The lightening breaks the nitrogen molecules and enables their atoms to combine with oxygen in the air forming nitrogen oxide (NO). Nitrogen oxide dissolves in rain and forms Nitrates (NO 3 ) Atmospheric Nitrogen (N 2 ) can be converted to Nitrite (NO 2 ) by the enormous energy from lightening. The lightening breaks the nitrogen molecules and enables their atoms to combine with oxygen in the air forming nitrogen oxide (NO). Nitrogen oxide dissolves in rain and forms Nitrates (NO 3 )

13. How Do they Genetically Modify Foods? Process Process Process

16. Composting How to compost How to compost