2. Objectives: Identify steps of cell cycle Catalyst: Make a T-chart for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3. TODAY I Present – you take down info I Present – you take down info Let’s Practice Together Let’s Practice Together –Two quick Practice Sheets –Utilizing selector tool Then you prove your knowledge!!!!! Then you prove your knowledge!!!!! –Whiteboards –Flipbook

4. How many cells do we begin with?

5. 1

6. How do we get more? A: Go to Wal-Mart B: Email Mr. Land C: Cellular Division

7. process by which cells reproduce themselves CELL DIVISION

8. Cell Cycle The time it takes a cell to reproduce varies depending on cell type

9. CELLS & George Wythe Why would a cell divide? Why is the school divided by grade levels? How do cells get water and energy? Why must we have multiple lunch shifts?

10. All cells except sex cells produces cells with the exact same DNA and characteristics MITOSIS

11. Binary Fission  Bacteria replicate its chromosomes and then divides in two Budding  Little buds sprout from parent and then grow up – same chromosomes Sporulation  Fungi produces spores that are released into the air – same chromosomes

13. CELL CYCLE 2 Stages Cell Division Interphase

14. INTERPHASE

15. G1 PHASE “gap 1” Phase period when cell growth and development occur

16. S PHASE “synthesis” Phase DNA replication / synthesis occurs

17. G2 PHASE “gap 2” Phase when organelles needed in cell division are made (centrioles, spindle fibers)

18. CELL CYCLE 2 Stages Cell Division Interphase

19. Cell Division M Phase (Mitosis) CELL Division is composed of 2 separate stages Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) Back to Interphase

20. MNEMONIC DEVICE!!! REMEMBER!! What happens if Mr. Gibney drinks 4 bottles of gatorade and chills on the couch for an hour. He gets up and goes to the bathroom and is in such a hurry that he kinda misses. PMAT

21. PROPHASE METAPHASE ANOPHASE TELOPHASE

22. 1. PROPHASE longest phase longest phase Chromosomes appear & attach to spindle Chromosomes appear & attach to spindle Nucleolus and nuclear membrane breaks down Nucleolus and nuclear membrane breaks down

23. 2. METAPHASE Shortest phase Shortest phase Chromosomes line up at center of the cell Chromosomes line up at center of the cell

24. 3. ANAPHASE Centromeres split Centromeres split Chromosomes separate to become individuals Chromosomes separate to become individuals Ends when the movement of chromosomes stops Ends when the movement of chromosomes stops

25. 4. TELOPHASE Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Nuclear membrane reforms Nuclear membrane reforms Spindle breaks apart Spindle breaks apart

26. Division of the cytoplasm of the cell CYTOKINESIS

27. Meiosis Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes Chromosomes exist in pairs called homologues Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes – Ex: all cells (skin, hair, eye) except for sex cells Haploid cells have one half the chromosomes – Ex: only sex cells

28. Sex cells are also called gametes Meiosis is the process by which sex cells make sure they have the right number of chromosomes Meiosis takes place in the gonads: testes and ovaries

29. Sex Chromosomes Women: Men: Many women ask why oh “y” XX Xy

30. Diploid!! Haploid or Diploid Haploid!!

32. Meiosis The process of cell division so that each new cell has 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the original.

35. MITOSIS MEIOSIS Cell Divides Once Results in 2 cells with 46 Chromosomes Cell Divides Twice Results in cells with 23 Chromosomes Makes 4 sperm cells or 1 egg cell

36. Stages of Meiosis The stages of Meiosis in order are: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II Spermatogenesis – makes four sperm cells from each parent cell Oogenesis – makes one ovum and three polar bodies from each parent cell (polar bodies are discarded)

37. PRACTICE!!!!! I’ve Presented – you’ve taken down info Let’s Practice Together  Two quick Practice Sheets  Utilizing selector tool Then you prove your knowledge!!!!!  Whiteboards  Flipbook

38. WHITEBOARD PRACTICE POD Group Competitions

40. G1 PHASE This is the period when cell growth and development occur

41. CELL CYCLE 2 Stages ? Cell Division Interphase ?

42. S PHASE DNA replication / synthesis occurs Part of interphase

43. 1. PROPHASE longest phase longest phase Chromosomes appear & attach to spindle Chromosomes appear & attach to spindle Nucleolus and nuclear membrane breaks down Nucleolus and nuclear membrane breaks down

44. G2 PHASE when organelles needed in cell division are made (centrioles, spindle fibers)

45. 3. ANAPHASE Centromeres split Centromeres split Chromosomes separate to become individuals Chromosomes separate to become individuals Ends when the movement of chromosomes stops Ends when the movement of chromosomes stops

46. Cell Division CELL Division is composed of 2 separate stages Back to Interphase

47. 2. METAPHASE Shortest phase Shortest phase Chromosomes line up at center of the cell Chromosomes line up at center of the cell

48. Division of the cytoplasm of the cell CYTOKINESIS

49. 4. TELOPHASE Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Nuclear membrane reforms Nuclear membrane reforms Spindle breaks apart Spindle breaks apart

52. Meiosis Humans have pairs of chromosomes For a total of chromosomes Chromosomes exist in pairs called 23 46 Homologues

54. Sex Chromosomes Women: Men: Many women ask why oh “y” XX Xy

55. Diploid!! Haploid or Diploid Haploid!!

57. MITOSIS MEIOSIS Cell Divides Once Results in 2 cells with 46 Chromosomes Cell Divides Twice Results in cells with 23 Chromosomes Makes 4 sperm cells or 1 egg cell

58. Stages of Meiosis – makes four sperm cells from each parent cell – makes one ovum and three polar bodies from each parent cell (polar bodies are discarded) spermatogenesis oogenesis

60. THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP Chromosome Gene Message Product (DNA) (mRNA) (protein)

61. Flipbook You have 9 cards First card = Flip book of Cellular Division plus your name Card 1 – G1 (write definition) - Interphase Card 2 – S Phase - Interphase, Card 3 – G2 - Interphase Card 4-8 – do phases of mitosis plus draw pictures

62. Cancer is a disease of cells and genes.

63. Navajo word for cancer translates as: The sore that will not heal. Per year in the United States alone: over 1.2 million new cases (150/hour) over ½ million deaths (25% of all deaths) more than $50 billion spent for healthcare about $15 billion spent for research

67. “Cigarette smoking is the most significant cause of lung cancer and the leading cause of lung cancer death in both men and women. Smoking is also responsible for most cancers of the larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus. In addition, it is highly associated with the development of and deaths from bladder, kidney, pancreatic, and cervical cancers.” National Cancer Institute

68. Cancer is a complex genetic disease caused primarily by environmental factors Note well: Note well: “genetic” is not the same as “inherited” (most cancers are not usually inherited)

69. Tumor = Neoplasm = Growing mass of cells 1) Benign 2) Malignant invasive metastatic

70. 21_44_Tumors.jpg

71. 21_42_metastasis.jpg

73. Transplantable keratoma BENIGN

74. Ameloblastoma

75. Adult viral-induced renal adenocarcinoma grafted to the back of a tadpole MALIGNANT

76. Carcinoma = epithelial Sarcoma = connective tissue or muscle Blood = leukemias Brain and Nerve

77. time Normal Malignant Hamster cells in tissue culture

78. Normal Cells Cancer Cells Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of cells growing in tissue culture

79. Human karyotype Normal Cancer

80. Human lung cancer cells in tissue culture have become multi-nucleate

81. Six features common to cancer cells from: Hanahan, D. and R.A. Weinberg (2000) “The Hallmarks of Cancer,” Cell 100:57-70 1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals or response 2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals 3. Evasion of programmed cell death 4. Limitless replication potential 5. Sustained stimulation of blood vessel growth 6. Tissue invasion and metastasis Mainly: loss of control of cell division

82. Three probable causes of cancer 1. Defective DNA repair mechanisms 2. Transformation of a normal gene into an oncogene 3. Malfunction of a tumor suppressor gene

83. Healthy, dividing cell Damage to cell Damage control Stop cell division Assess damage Cellular repair Successful repair Return to Return to cell cycle cell cycle Failed repair Cancer Cancer Extensive damage Cell death modified from Biology of Cancer by R.W. Phillis and S. Goodwin

84. Cancer results from mutations, often environmentally induced, in genes that stimulate or suppress cell division and cell-to-cell signaling. These genes commonly code for transcription factors and other genetic control elements.

85. “While much is known about the science of cancer, its prevention depends largely, if not exclusively, on political action.” S. Epstein, University of Illinois Medical Center