1. Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications Chapter Eight Sampling: Who, What and How Many?

2. Key Concepts Population. Sample. Census. Parameters. Probability sampling - ▫random, stratified random, systematic, multi-stage cluster Nonprobability sampling - ▫convenience, purposive, quota, network Sampling frames Sampling error Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

3. Sampling Terms Population - every person in the group you are studying. Sample - part of a population selected for study. Census - study of entire population. Parameters - describe a population. Statistics - describe a sample. Sampling frame - list from which a sample is drawn. Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

4. The Two Major Types of Sampling Probability – ▫Random selection. Every unit has an equal chance of being selected. Nonprobability – ▫Sampling is based on judgment by the researcher. Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

5. Nonprobability Sampling Convenience Volunteer Purposive or judgment Quota Snowball or network Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

6. Probability Sampling Simple random - ▫Lottery, random numbers. ▫http://www.random.orghttp://www.random.org ▫http://www.randomizer.org.http://www.randomizer.org Systematic - ▫Stratified random. ▫Multistage cluster. Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

7. Convenience Sample                First ten items selected arbitrarily Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

8. Stratified Random Sample           m         40% of the sample is  30% of the sample is  20% of the sample is 10% of the sample is  Percentage of each group in sample is the same as the percentage of that group in population. Random sampling takes place within each group. Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

9. Systematic Sample           m          Random starting point selected. Then every n th unit. (n = 6 in this example) Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

10. Sampling Error The degree to which the sample statistics differ from the parameters of the universe or population from which it was selected. Margin of error, confidence level and size of sample are related. Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

11. Sample Size Depends on – ▫Purpose of the research. ▫Desired level of statistical confidence. ▫Homogeneity of the population. ▫In practice, the time and resources available for research. Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

12. Standard Error (%), Probability of Answers and Sample Size Probability of Answers Size of Sample 90:1050:50 109.5%15.8% 1003.0%5.0% 10000.95%1.6% Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

13. Sampling Frame Issues Postal Sampling ▫may be dated ▫cannot access the transient & homeless Phone Sampling ▫problems accessing mobile numbers ▫consumer resistance to calls Internet Sampling ▫difficulties generalizing from Internet population to general population. Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

14. Chapter Summary Census - study of an entire population. Sample - part of population chosen for study. Probability sampling – random basis. Nonprobability sampling – judgment of researcher Larger sample sizes reduce sampling error. Statistical formulae give us sample size for a given margin of error, or vice versa. Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

15. Vocabulary Review Census Convenience sampling Homogeneity Multistage cluster sampling Network or snowball sampling Nonprobability sampling Pilot Probability sampling Purposive or judgmental sampling Quota sampling Random digit dialing Random numbers Random numbers generator Random sampling Sampling frames Sampling interval Sampling units Stratified random sampling Systematic sampling Volunteer sampling Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications

16. Web Resources Council of American Survey Research Organizations - http://www.casro.orghttp://www.casro.org Research Randomizer - http://randomizer.orghttp://randomizer.org StatPac - http://www.statpac.com/surveys/sampling.htm Survey Sampling International - www.surveysampling.comwww.surveysampling.com WebSM - http://www.websm.orghttp://www.websm.org World Association for Public Opinion Research - http://www.unl.edu/wapor http://www.unl.edu/wapor Introducing Communication Research 2e © 2014 SAGE Publications