1. Greek Fire Wyatt Self http://www.ask.com/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions

2. History of Greek Fire Possible inventor Kallinikos Byzantine Empire approx. 7 th century Common use naval warfare Deployed by siphons and grenades http://www.ask.com/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liquid_fire_granades_Chania.jpg

3. General Information Could not be put out by water Burnt on top of underwater Lit by water or other flame Some sources say it explodes on impact Extremely sticky

4. Possible Formula sulfur, sarcocolla, pitch, melted saltpeter, petroleum oil(naphtha) sticky burn on water burn underwater explodes on impact ignited by water

5. Potassium Nitrate(Saltpeter) Oxidizer in gunpowder http://0.tqn.com/d/chemistry/1/0/2/f/potassiumnitate.jpg ( Potassium Nitrate after buring) 2 KNO3 → 2 KNO2 + O2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_peter

6. LEIDENFROST EFFECT Water makes a bubble around objects over 220 degrees Celsius

7. Quicklime(Calcium Oxide Quicklime added to first formula Heats to 150 degrees Celsius upon contact with water CaO + H 2 O → Ca(OH) 2 Calcium hydroxide CaO (s) + H2O (l) is in equilibrium with Ca(OH)2 (aq) (ΔHr = −63.7 kJ/mol of CaO) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide

8. Other Additions Magnesium Magnesium burns at 3100 degrees Celsius Burns underwater

9. Breakdown of Components Sticky- Pitches and resins Burns on top of water- Low density of oil Ignited by water- Calcium oxide reaction Underwater burning- Possibly Leidenfrost Effect or magnesium Ignition on impact- No possible compounds available to ancient Greeks were found

10. Bibliography "Calcium Oxide." n.pag. Strategic Services Division. Web. 13 Nov 2011.. "Greek Fire." n.pag. Middle Ages Website. Web. 12 Nov 2011.. "Greek Fire and Gunpowder." Math & Science Footnotes for Khan Amore’s Hypatia 2002. n.pag. Web. 12 Nov 2011.. Homes-Farley, Randy. "A Simplified Guide to the Relationship Between Calcium, Alkalinity, Magnesium and pH." n.pag. Reefkeeping. Web. 13 Nov 2011.. "List of Byzantine inventions." 04 Nov 2011. n.pag. Wikipedia. Web. 11 Nov 2011.. Provatas, Nikolaos. "Greek Fire." Hellenism in the Middle Ages 29 Nov 2001. n.pag. Web. 12 Nov 2011.. "Potassium Nitrate or Saltpeter." n.pag. About.com. Web. 12 Nov 2011.. WALKER, JEARL. "Boiling and the Leidenfrost Effect." n.pag. Web. 12 Nov 2011. <http://www.wiley.com/college/phy/halliday320005