1. GEOG 3762 Geography of Europe Fall 2008 Dr. Olaf Kuhlke Week 2

2. Review Ideas of Europe What is Europe about? What distinguishes it? What makes it different from the United States? T.R. Reid Reactions?

3. European Landscapes Physical Landscapes – Climate – Geomorphology – Hydrography Cultural Landscapes – Cultural Attributes – Religion – Selected Aspects of the Cultural Landscape

4. Physical Landscapes

5. European Climates What’s significant about European Climates? Location of Continent – Further to the North than US America – Climate classification: Koeppen Gulf Stream – North Atlantic Circulation – Climate Change debate Predominant Weather Patterns – Grosswetterlagen (GWL) – Weather Patterns

6. What makes the European Weather?

8. Contemporary European Climates

9. A Climates = Tropical B Climates = Subtropical C Climates = Temperate D Climates = Continental E Climates = Polar Subgroups indicate season changes in precipitation and temperature variation

10. Contemporary European Climates Dominant European Climate Types Cfb = Maritime Temperate = Fluctuating weather patterns, often overcast skies, high humidity, cool summers, warm winters Dfb = Warm Summer Continental = Often Dryer summer than Cfb, cool, wet winter Csa = Mediterranean Climate = Hot, Dry Summer, Wet, cool, rainy winter

11. The Gulf Stream Effect – Real or Imagined?

12. The Gulf Stream – North Atlantic Circulation

13. The Jet Stream Effect – Typical Winter Air Movements

14. Grosswetterlagen Predominant Weather Patterns Dependent upon north/south movement of the Polar Front Position of Highs and Lows over Europe Drive or block the movement of Low Pressure Systems from the Atlantic

15. Contemporary European Landscapes

16. General Divisions of the European Landscape Mountains Orogeny Caledonian Hercynian Alpine

17. Contemporary European Landscapes General Divisions of the European Landscape Caledonian Northern Europe Norway, Sweden, UK and Ireland Cambrian (542-488 mya)

18. Contemporary European Landscapes General Divisions of the European Landscape Hercynnian Central Europe Germany, France, Spain Silurian (443-416 mya) to Carboniferous (359- 299 mya)

19. Contemporary European Landscapes

20. General Division of the European Landscape Alpine Southern Europe Alps, Pyrenees, Dinaric Alps Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria Tertiary (65-1.8 mya)

21. Contemporary European Landscapes

22. Impact of Glaciation European Lowlands Glacial Remnants Northern Europe Moraines – Terminal moraines Loess Belt – Windblown glacial outwash deposits

23. Contemporary European Landscapes

24. General Hydrography of Europe

25. Cultural Landscapes

26. Overview Introduction How should geographers study religion in Europe? Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe – Prehistoric – The Greeks and Romans – Jewish Europe – Christian Europe – Islamic Europe Examining European sacred places

27. How should geographers study religion in Europe? They should focus on Origins, diffusion and distribution Spatial characteristics of individual places and movements – Significance, drawing power – Pilgrimage paths, spatial connections Sharing of and struggling over religious space

28. How do geographers study religion? Origins, diffusion and distribution Origins – Life, death and place of religious teachers Founders Missionaries Saints – Supernatural events Miracles, apparitions

29. How do geographers study religion? Origins, diffusion and distribution Diffusion – Paths of conversion – Hierarchy – Networks of modern religious movement Distribution – Expansion – Drawing power – Networks and overlap

30. How do geographers study religion? Spatial characteristics of individual places Sacrality – Why is it sacred? Hierophany – Encounter with a manifestation of the sacred - miracle, apparition, vision Life of founder or saint Node of larger movement – How did the sacred manifest itself? – How sacred is it? Drawing power

31. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Prehistoric Europe Animistic Nature religion “Pagan” myths – Examples The cave at Lascaux Stonehenge and the Celtic Druids Athens as a model of Greek cosmology

32. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Prehistoric Europe Animistic - The cave at Lascaux (17000 BP)

33. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Prehistoric Europe Nature religions Stonehenge and druidic sun cult

34. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Prehistoric Europe Nature religions Stonehenge and druidic sun cult

35. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Prehistoric Europe Pagan religious systems Athens and Greek cosmology - The Golden Ratio

36. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Jewish Europe End of Jewish State under Roman Empire - 66CE – Diaspora development – Coexistence in early Christian Europe (4th Century AD onwards) Heavy persecution in Christian Europe – Crusades beginning in 11th Century – Expulsions - Inquisition Eastern European Tolerance – Poland Enlightenment reintegration – Emancipation Period in 1700 -1800s

37. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Jewish Europe Renewed Anti-semitism from late 1800s onwards – Racial (Racist) Science – Zionism – Large-scale emigration – Holocaust Return to Europe after WW II – Russian and Eastern European Jews – Remaining anti-semitism – The Holocaust Memorial (Berlin)

39. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Christian Europe Apostle Paul Birth of Christianity Gnostic and Literalist Christians Christianity unifies Europe – Literalist dominance – Edict of Milan 313 – State religion Christianity splits Europe – Council of Nicea 325 AD – Series of Ecumenical Councils – Creedal difference – Great Schism 1054 split Latin from Orthodox Churches

41. The Roman Empire at the height of its political power and maximum geographic expansion The gradual spread of Christianity to Europe

42. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Christian Europe Christianity splits Europe – 1517 Martin Luther – Reformation movement begins – Calvin, Zwingly – 16/17th Century Church of England – Arrival of LDS in Europe - 19th Century Results – Europe is predominantly Christian Continent today, yet very diverse denominations exist – Most European nation states have “state churches” – Certain brands of Christianity are officially sanctioned

43. The Roman Empire after its split in 330, divided into an Eastern and a Western Section The fragmented Western Empire at the beginning of Frankish expansion

45. Exploring the evolving religious landscape of Europe Islamic Europe Birth of Islam – 622 AD Advancement of Islam – Spain – Ottoman Empire – Challenges to Christianity Questions of Church vs. State in Islam – Sharia – Example of Turkey – Modern Controversies

58. What should the European reaction to the increasing presence of Muslims be? Should they react at all?

59. Examining European sacred places Why are some sacred places more popular than others? The example of Christian sacred places What makes places sacred? – The place itself – The movement associated with it What places can we distinguish? Where are these places? – Santiago de Compostella What happens at these places? – The anatomy of a pilgrimage

60. Examining European sacred places Ancient Pilgrimage Route to Santiago de Compostela Main Cathedral in Compostela - Final Point of the Journey

61. Examining European sacred places What makes Santiago de Compostela sacred? The place itself – UNESCO World Heritage Site – Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James) – Pilgrimage route(s) from France to Spain – One of the most visited religious sites in Europe and the world – Tremendous Infrastructure – Santiago = Saint James

62. Examining European sacred places What makes Santiago de Compostela sacred? The place itself – Santiago = Saint James – One of the 12 Apostles – Early missionary – Returned to Palestine AD 44 – Martyred – His remains were moved to Spain – Hermit Paleyo is led to remains by vision in 813 – Declaration as Holy Town in 1213 by Pope Alexander

63. Examining European sacred places What makes Santiago de Compostela sacred? The movement associated with it – Movement from sacred sites to holy cities – Movement of increasing intensity