1. OCEANOGRAPHY
Timeline
Surface Exploration
Undersea Exploration

2. Surface Exploration 600 B.C. Phoenicians “Hug the Coast”
Near-shore environs

3. Surface Exploration 500-700 A.D. Polynesians
Elaborate navigation system in the South Pacific
10 million square miles
Used sun, planets, tides, currents as “landmarks”

4. Surface Exploration 900 Vikings
North Atlantic Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland
Use North Star for guidance

5. Surface Exploration Chinese 1000 Invent the compass
No more than magnetized needle in bowl of water
Reduced fear

6. Surface Exploration 1519 Ferdinand Megallan
1st round-the-world sailing voyage
Takes 2 years

7. Surface Exploration James Cook 1768 Maps the Pacific Ocean
Defines Longitude
Voyage solely for Scientific Investigation

8. Surface Exploration 1825 Charles Darwin The HMS Beagle
Marine life on/near Galapagos Islands

9. Surface Exploration 1853 U.S. Navy Lieutenant Matthew Maury
1st Atlas, collected info from around the world
Sailing directions, sea conditions

10. Surface Exploration 1872-1875 Challenger Expedition
1st Fully scientific oceanographic expedition
Salinity, temp of seawater
Gives birth to Oceanography
Physical, chemical, biological and geological studies

11. Surface Exploration $$$ 1950 Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science
Follows WW II
$$$

12. Surface Exploration 1957 $$$ even more
Russians develop Sputnik, 1st man-made satellite
Arms race w/USA
$$$ even more
Creates NSF – National Science Foundation

13. Surface Exploration 1968 Deep-sea Drilling Program started
The Glomar Challenger
Takes bottom “core” samples

14. Surface Exploration 1978 US Satellites give color photos
Reflective properties of ocean surface
Today’s SeaWiFs satellites

15. Surface Exploration 1990 John Martin’s “Iron Hypothesis”
Inc. Fe Inc. PhytoPlankton
Dec. CO Dec. Earth Temp.
Influence of Iron levels in Ocean habitats

16. Surface Exploration The Future 2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and
IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System
Weather forecasting, marine preservation

17. Marine Geophysics
Study of rock structure in the ocean basin, properties of rocks such as magnetism, occurrence of earthquakes.

18. Dec 26, Eq, Sumatra
275,950 killed
Image courtesy of BBC

19. Undersea Exploration 1535 The Diving Bell Worn on the shoulders
Stay under ~ 1 hour

20. Undersea Exploration 1825 William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment*
Compressed air containers worn on a belt
Many were involved in SCUBA
SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS

21. Undersea Exploration
1934
William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive
Crude steel ball, ½ mi. down
Generates much interest in the vitality & natural resources of the ocean
O2 tanks inside, circulated by hand-held fans, CO2 absorbed by chemicals

22. Undersea Exploration 1943 Jacques Cousteau AquaLung Inc. Safety
Inc. Time below
Still used today (with some improvements)

23. Undersea Exploration 1951 Mariana Trench Challenger II (UK)
Used soundwaves
7 miles below ocean surface

24. Undersea Exploration 1964 Alvin is launched
Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration

25. Undersea Exploration 1976 Hydrothermal Vents Cracks in ocean floor
Extreme environs
Not much known

26. Undersea Exploration 1979 Marine Biologist Sylvie Earl invents
The Jim Suit
Pressurized
Walk on ocean floor,
1,250 feet down

27. Undersea Exploration
Today
LEO
Long-term Ecosystem
Observatory