1. 1.3 History of marine science
Ancient explorations 5000 B.C. – 800 A.D.
Egypt- 1st recorded sea voyage (3200 B.C.)
Phoenicians- 1st trade routes through the Mediterranean (used stars and didn’t leave sight of the shore)

2. Ancient explorations cont…
Polynesians- navigated through the open oceans
Greeks- developed complex maps including latitude and longitude

3. Middle ages (800- 1400 A.D.) Scientific discovery suppressed
Vikings ( A.D) – global warming allowed for exploration/trade routes
Complex vessel design
Chinese
Invented magnet compass (1000 A.D)
Vessels designed with ventral rudders and watertight compartments

4. European voyages of discovery (1400-1700 A.D.)
Vasco de Gama ( A.D.)- 1st expedition around Cape of Good Hope to India
Columbus ( ) – discovered the “new” world
Amerigo Vespucci ( )- first to recognize S. America as a new continent

5. Balboa (1500s) – first European to sail in the Pacific
Magellan (1519)- first to sail around the world, circumnavigation
Drake (1577)- Second circumnavigation

6. Birth of marine science (1700- 1900)
James Cook
1st scientific ocean expeditions
Invented chronometer in 1735 (clock that works accurately on the ocean)
United States Exploring Expedition (Wilkes expedition)
Proved existence of Antarctica
Gathered flora and fauna
Matthew Maury
Published “physical geography of the sea”
Described global wind and current patterns, making sailing more efficient

7. Challenger expedition (1872)
Charles Darwin (1831)
Studied coral reef growth
Proposed that seafloor sinks
Proposed theory of natural selection
Challenger expedition (1872)
Mapped the seafloor (discovered Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench)
Discovered organisms in deepest parts of the ocean
Catalogued 715 new genera and 4,717 new species

11. Twentieth Century German meteor expedition (1925) Atlantis (1931)
Established patterns of ocean water circulation
Mapped the Atlantic sea floor
Atlantis (1931)
1st ship designed exclusively for marine science
Confirmed the existence of Mid-Atlantic ridge

12. Challenger II (1951)
Measured depths of Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans
Found deepest known part of the ocean (10,838 meters, Marianas Trench)