1. + PowerPoint in consideration of Working Memory ChinaLinks Educational Consultants LLC

2. + Working Memory: Definition Working Memory is the ability to maintain and manipulate information over short periods of time necessary to guide behavior

3. + Working Memory: Example 4371506 -----> 4371506 Maintain 4371506 -----> 6051734 Maintain & Manipulate

4. + Working Memory: Capacity Limited c.f. Miller’s magical number seven (chunks) : short term memory Category of chunks digits vs. letters vs. words (long vs. short)

5. + Working Memory: Models Baddeley and Hitch model Cowan Ericsson and Kintsch

6. + Working memory: Baddeley and Hitch model Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad Phonological Loop (Articulatory loop) Central Executive Inner ear (phonological store) Inner voice (articulatory process) Closely related to visual imagery Used to encode nonverbal visual and spatial information. Attentional control : Making changes to practiced routine. (e.g., Altering driving to work routine when there is a traffic accident) Dividing attention : Multitasking Switching attention from one task to another

7. + Working memory: Current model Visuo-Spatial SketchpadEpisodic buffer Central Executive Phonological Loop Language Short-term episodic memory Visual semantics

8. + Bad PowerPoint Slides Characteristics students don’t like about professors’ PowerPoint slides Too many words on a slide Clip art Movement (slide transitions or word animations) Templates with too many colors

9. + Good PowerPoint Slides Characteristics students like about professors’ PowerPoint slides Graphs increase understanding of content Bulleted lists help them organize ideas PowerPoint can help to structure lectures Verbal explanations of pictures/graphs help more than written clarifications

10. + Student Learning Students learn more when material is presented in short phrases rather than full paragraphs the professor talks about the information on the slide rather than having students read it on their own relevant pictures are used. Irrelevant pictures decrease learning compared to PowerPoint slides with no picture they take notes (if the professor is not talking). But if the professor is lecturing, note-taking and listening decreased learning they are given the PowerPoint slides before the class

11. + Working Memory with PowerPoint How to leverage the working memory with PowerPoint? by dividing the information between the visual and auditory modality. Minimize the opportunity for distraction by removing any irrelevant material Use simple cues to direct learners to important points or content. Keep information displayed in short chunks that are easily read and comprehended

12. + Resources for better PowerPoint What is good PowerPoint design? http://presentationzen.blogs.com/presentationzen/2005/09/whats_good_powe.html What is good PowerPoint design? Think Outside the Slide http://www.youtube.com/user/ThinkOutsideTheSlide Think Outside the Slide KWICK http://www.thinkoutsidetheslide.com/VSR_Chapter2.pdf KWICK Improving PowerPoint-style Presentations http://chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/improving-powerpoint-style- presentations/32126?sid=at&utm_source=at&utm_medium=en Improving PowerPoint-style Presentations