1. Hazards and Risks when working with Electricity
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2. What is the best way to prevent the hazards of electricity?
Avoiding energized circuits is the safest way!
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3. Think before taking Action
STOP
Think before taking
Action
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4. About the Risks and Hazards
THINK
About the
Risks and Hazards
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5. Do you have options like: LOTO (Lockout/Tagout)
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6. Are you wearing PPE? (Personal Protective Equipment)
PROTECTION
Are you wearing PPE?
(Personal Protective Equipment)
Read slide.

7. What are the Hazards and Risks?
Shock
Arc Flash & Arc Blast
Fire Ignition
Read slide.

8. SHOCK
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9. Shock and its Effects Immediate: Muscle contraction
Vital organs damaged
Tingling
Pain
Breathing
Disorientation
Dizziness
Possible death
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10. Shock and its Effects Long Term: Memory Loss Nervous disorders
Chemical imbalances
Damage to vital organs
Sometimes fatal
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11. Effect of Current on the Body
MEN
WOMEN
Perception Threshold
0.001 Amps (1 mA)
Painful Shock
0.009 Amps (9 mA)
Cannot Let-Go Level
0.010 Amps (10 mA)
Ventricular Fibrillation
.100 Amps (100 mA)
Heart Failure
0.5 Amps (500 mA)
Organ Burn
1.5 Amps (1500 mA)
Perception Threshold
Amps (0.7 mA)
Painful Shock
0.006 Amps (6 mA)
Cannot Let-Go Level
0.010 Amps (10 mA)
Ventricular Fibrillation
.100 Amps (100 mA)
Heart Failure
0.5 Amps (500 mA)
Organ Burn
1.5 Amps (1500 mA)
Read slide.

12. Two Types of burns from Shock
Surface Burns:
Caused by entrance and exit of electrical currents through the body
Can be caused by a very small amount of current
1st degree to 3rd degree
Discuss the difference between a 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree burn.

13. Two Types of burns from Shock
Internal Tissue Burns:
Caused by current flowing through organs of the body
Caused by currents in excess of 1.5 amps
4th degree (internal)
Internal organs
Typically Fatal
Discuss the 4th degree burn.

14. How to prevent Shock
Place circuits in an Electrically Safe Working Condition by Locking Out and Tagging Out all sources.
Verifying that no electrical energy is present.
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15. NFPA 70 - NEC
The original and primary mission of the NFPA 70 – NEC covered installation of electrical systems.
The NFPA 70 – NEC does NOT address the other hazards of electricity.
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16. Exposure to Danger
The NEC protects individuals from shock hazards under normal conditions.
It is NOT designed to protect us from abnormal conditions.
We need additional policies to protect from abnormal conditions.
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17. Normal Conditions Panel covers in place.
Equipment plugged in normally.
Normal designed protection in place.
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18. Abnormal Conditions Panel covers removed. Equipment temporarily wired.
Normal designed protection such as guards, limits switches, etc. NOT in place.
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19. Protection from Abnormal Conditions
The Company
NFPA 70E
OSHA
Electrical Safety Procedures Manual
Electrical Safety Training
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20. Protection from Abnormal Conditions
YOU
The first line of defense.
Only you can truly keep you safe.
Implement Safety Procedures Outlined in the Safety Manual.
Only you can ensure that you go home at night.
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21. Arc Flash & Arc Blast
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22. Discuss this slide.

23. Arc Flash is a high intensity flash which will also create a very loud noise (blast).
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24. The Arc Flash produces:
Electric arc that produces the highest temperatures on earth – up to 35,000oF (4 x temp. of the sun).
The intense heat causes the sudden expansion of air that results in a blast.
All known materials are vaporized at this temperature (copper expands 67,000 times, water 1,670 times).
Read slide.

25. Arc Flash & Blast Relative to the human body:
A 2nd degree burn threshold, or a ‘just curable burn threshold,’ is skin temperature raised to 175oF for 0.1 second.
A 3rd degree burn threshold, or ‘incurable burn threshold,’ is skin temperature raised to 200oF for 0.1 second.
Eardrum damage > 720 psf
Lung damage > 1728 psf
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26. Arc Flash & Blast Relative to the human body:
The hazard may be small for systems of less than 300 volts with limited fault current.
Any system over 300 volts probably has the capability to have significant arc flash event.
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27. Circuit Breaker Trips
When a circuit has been de-energized by a protective device, DO NOT manually re-energize the circuit without first investigating the cause. Do not perform repetitive manual re-closing of breakers or replacing of fuses.
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28. Circuit Breaker Operation With Covers on and voltages less than 600V ac rms
Safety Glasses
Natural Fiber Long Sleeve Shirt
Natural Fiber Long Pants
Read slide, and I would caution all that instead of using your hand to reset the breaker, use a screwdriver or similar device to push on the breaker. That way you can be out of the way incase the breaker should explode.
Stand to the side

29. Fused Switch Operation With Covers on and voltages less than 600V ac rms
Safety Glasses
Natural Fiber Long Sleeve Shirt
Natural Fiber Long Pants
Read slide.
Stand to the side

30. FIRE IGNITION
Clothing can be ignited several feet away unless flame resistant (FR) or arc rated (AR) clothing is worn.
Note: Synthetics burn ‘into’ the skin when ignited.
Read slide.

31. Clothing
There is FR (flame resistant) clothing and AR (arc rated) clothing.
ALL clothing with an arc rating (AR) is flame resistant (FR), but not all flame resistant clothing has an arc rating.
Read slide.

32. Clothing
Prior to 2015, untreated cotton was considered a safe fabric to wear.
Beginning with the change to NFPA – 70E in 2015, arc rated (AR) clothing is required as you will see later in this presentation.
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33. Now that you are aware of: shock, arc flash and arc blast, and fire ignition, what do you do about it?
Protect Yourself
Read Slide.

34. Protect Yourself Against
Shock Hazard
Arc Flash and Arc Blast Hazard
Fire Ignition
Read Slide.

35. SHOCK Hazard What is required?
Determine the Operating Voltage of the System.
Determine Shock Protection Boundaries.
Determine the Personal Protective Equipment.
The Process.

36. SHOCK Hazard Determine the Operating Voltage of the System.
Is the voltage less than 50 volts, or 51 volts to 150 volts, or 151 volts to 250 volts or higher.

37. SHOCK Hazard Determine Shock Protection Boundaries.
a. Limited Approach Boundary –
b. Restricted Approach Boundary –
See next several slides for explanations.

38. Approach Boundaries Limited Approach Boundary –
An approach limit at a distance from an exposed energized electrical conductor or circuit part within which a shock hazard exists.
Read Slide.

39. Approach Boundaries Restricted Approach Boundary –
An approach limit at a distance from an exposed energized electrical conductor or circuit part within which there is an increased likelihood of electric shock, due to electrical arc-over combined with inadvertent movement, for personnel working in close proximity to the energized electrical conductor or circuit part.
Read Slide.

40. Analyze slide based on previous slides
Analyze slide based on previous slides. The distance from the equipment will be explained on the next slide.

41. Approach Boundaries for Alternating Current Systems
Limited
Approach
Boundary
Fixed
Phase-to-
Phase
Voltage
Restricted
Approach
Boundary
Less
than 50
Not
specified
Not
specified
Avoid
contact
There are approach boundaries for Direct Current systems as well.
50 – 150
3 ft. 6 in.
151 – 750
3 ft. 6 in.
1 ft. 0 in.

42. Qualified Person
One who has demonstrated skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of electrical equipment and installations and has received safety training to identify and avoid the hazards involved.
Read Slide.

43. SHOCK Hazard 3. Determine the Personal Protective Equipment.
a. Use Voltage Rated (VR) Gloves rated greater or equal to the voltage of the system.
b. Use Voltage Rated (VR) Tools rated greater or equal to the voltage of the system.
Read Slide.

44. OSHA and NFPA 70E both state that qualified electrical workers shall not be asked to work on equipment that is ‘hot’ or ‘live’ except for two demonstrable reasons:
Read Slide.

45. 1. De-energizing introduces additional. or increased hazards, like an
1. De-energizing introduces additional or increased hazards, like an emergency alarm system or a ventilation system.
Read Slide.

46. 2. Infeasible due to equipment design
2. Infeasible due to equipment design or operational limitations, like voltage testing for diagnostics or start up testing. Note: This is the HVACR trade.
Read Slide.

47. Conclusion
When you work on ‘live’ circuits, you are open to the hazards and risks of electricity. Therefore, you need to take on the responsibility of protecting yourself. So, how can this be done?
Read Slide.

48. NFPA 70E Hazard/Risk Categories
Prior to 2015, NFPA 70E classified electrical hazards and risks from 0 to 4.
In 2015, Category 0 was eliminated.
The name ‘Hazard/Risk’ was changed to ‘Arc Flash PPE.’
Read Slide.

49. Arc Flash PPE or Incident Energy Analysis Methods
Read Slide.

50. How do you select the PPE?
Prior to 2015, selection of PPE was based on Hazard/Risk Categories 0 – 4.
In 2015, selection of PPE is based on either the Incident Energy Analysis Method or Arc Flash PPE Category Method, but not both.
Read Slide.

51. How do you select the PPE?
The Arc Flash PPE Category Method is the simpler of the two and that is what this program will focus on.
Before we look at the actual categories, let’s take a look at some tasks and find where Arc Flash PPE is required.
Read Slide.

52. Table 130.7(C)(15)(A)(a) Arc Flash Identification for
Alternating Current (ac) and Direct Current (dc) Systems
Arc Flash
PPE
Required
Task
Equipment Condition
Reading a panel
meter operating
a meter switch.
Any No
Read Slide.

53. Table 130.7(C)(15)(A)(a) Arc Flash Identification for
Alternating Current (ac) and Direct Current (dc) Systems
Arc Flash
PPE
Required
Task
Equipment Condition
Normal operation of a
circuit breaker (CB),
switch, contactor, or
starter
All of the following:
The equipment is properly installed.
The equipment is properly maintained.
All equipment doors are closed and secured.
All equipment covers are in place and secured.
There is no evidence of impending failure. No
Read Slide.
One or more of the following:
The equipment is NOT properly installed.
The equipment is NOT properly maintained.
Equipment doors are open or NOT secured.
Equipment covers are off or NOT secured.
There is evidence of impending failure.
Yes

54. Table 130.7(C)(15)(A)(a) Arc Flash Identification for
Alternating Current (ac) and Direct Current (dc) Systems
Arc Flash
PPE
Required
Task
Equipment Condition
For Alternating Current
systems: work on
energized electrical
conductors and circuit
parts, including
voltage testing.
Any
Yes
Read Slide.
Removal or
installation of
CBs or switches.
Any
Yes

55. Table 130.7(C)(15)(A)(a) Arc Flash Identification for
Alternating Current (ac) and Direct Current (dc) Systems
Arc Flash
PPE
Required
Task
Equipment Condition
Removal or installation
of covers for equipment
such as wireways,
junction boxes, and
cable trays that does
not expose bare
energized electrical
conductors and
circuit parts.
All of the following:
The equipment is properly installed.
The equipment is properly maintained.
There is no evidence of impending failure. No
Read Slide.
Any of the following:
The equipment is NOT properly installed.
The equipment is NOT properly maintained.
There is evidence of impending failure.
Yes

56. Table 130.7(C)(15)(A)(a) Arc Flash Identification for
Alternating Current (ac) and Direct Current (dc) Systems
Arc Flash
PPE
Required
Task
Equipment Condition
Removal of bolted
covers (to expose bare
energized electrical
conductors and circuit
parts.)
Any
Yes
Opening hinged door(s)
or cover(s) to expose
bare energized
electrical conductors
and circuit parts.
Any
Read Slide.
Yes

57. Table 130.7(C)(15)(A)(a) Arc Flash Identification for
Alternating Current (ac) and Direct Current (dc) Systems
Arc Flash
PPE
Required
Task
Equipment Condition
Work on control circuits
with exposed energized
electrical conductors
and circuit parts,
120 volts or below
without any other
exposed energized
equipment over 120 V
including opening of
hinged covers to
gain access.
Any No
Read Slide.

58. Table 130.7(C)(15)(A)(a) Arc Flash Identification for
Alternating Current (ac) and Direct Current (dc) Systems
Arc Flash
PPE
Required
Task
Equipment Condition
Work on control circuits
with exposed energized
electrical conductors
and circuit parts,
greater than 120 V.
Any
Yes
Work on exposed
energized electrical
conductors and
circuit parts of
equipment directly
supplied by a
panelboard or motor
control center.
Any
Read Slide.
Yes

59. (Panelboards or other equipment rated 240 v and below)
Table 130.7(C)(15)(A)(b) Arc-Flash Hazard PPE Categories
(Panelboards or other equipment rated 240 v and below)
Parameters:
Maximum of 25 kA short-circuit current available
Maximum of 0.03 sec (2 cycles) fault clearing time
Working distance: 18 inches
Arc Flash PPE Category: 1
Arc Flash Boundary: 19 inches
The 25 kA short circuit current is a test that is performed with an overcurrent protection device and if the device clears the short circuit fault in the 2 cycle time, then the distance is 19 inches. If the over current protection device takes longer to clear, then one is not safe at 19 inches. It the overcurrent protection device has a shorter clear time, then one is safe at 19 inches. There is also a 10 kA short circuit test, but it is not used for arc flash categories.

60. (Panelboards or other equipment rated >240 v and up to 600V)
Table 130.7(C)(15)(A)(b) Arc-Flash Hazard PPE Categories
(Panelboards or other equipment rated >240 v and up to 600V)
Parameters:
Maximum of 25 kA short-circuit current available
Maximum of 0.03 sec (2 cycles) fault clearing time
Working distance: 18 inches
Arc Flash PPE Category: 2
Arc Flash Boundary: 3 feet
The 25 kA short circuit current is a test that is performed with an overcurrent protection device and if the device clears the short circuit fault in the 2 cycle time, then the distance is 3 feet. If the over current protection device takes longer to clear, then one is not safe at 3 feet. It the overcurrent protection device has a shorter clear time, then one is safe at 3 feet. There is also a 10 kA short circuit test, but it is not used for arc flash categories.

61. ARC FLASH BOUNDARY What does this mean?
The arc flash boundary shall be the distance at which the incident energy equals 1.2 cal/cm2
Arc Flash PPE Category 1 has a boundary of 19 inches.
Arc Flash PPE Category 2 has a boundary of 3 feet.
What does this mean?
Read slide.

62. Arc Flash Boundary is related to Incident Energy.
cal/cm2
Degree Burn
1.2
2nd degree burn to bare skin 4
Ignite a cotton shirt
Incident energy is determined in units of cal per cm squared. As can be seen, as the IE increases, so does the degree of burn. 8
3rd degree burn to skin

63. Arc Flash Boundary is related to Incident Energy.
CONCLUSION
Incident
Energy
cal/cm2
PPE
Category 1
PPE
Category 2
Degree Burn
1.2
2nd degree burn
to bare skin
19 inches
3 feet
Notice that with an IE of 1.2, there will be a 2nd degree burn at only 19 inches for PPE Category 1, and 3 feet for PPE Category 2.

64. PPE Category 1 Arc Rated Clothing, Minimum Arc Rating of 4 cal/cm2
Arc rated long sleeve shirt and pants or arc rated coverall
Arc rated face shield or arc flash suit hood
Arc rated jacket, parka, rainwear, or hard hat liner (AN)
Protective Equipment
Hard hat (for Industrial Workers)
Safety glasses or safety goggles
Hearing protection (ear canal inserts)
Heavy duty leather gloves or combination of rubber insulating gloves with leather protectors
Leather footwear (AN)
Notice that the Incident Energy for PPE Category 1 has a minimum rating of 4, so if one were to be wearing AR clothing with a 4 IE rating, they would be well protected above the 1.2 IE on the previous slide.

65. PPE Category 2 Arc Rated Clothing, Minimum Arc Rating of 8 cal/cm2
Arc rated long sleeve shirt and pants or arc rated coverall
Arc rated face shield or arc flash suit hood and arc rated balaclava
Arc rated jacket, parka, rainwear, or hard hat liner (AN)
Protective Equipment
Hard hat (for Industrial Workers)
Safety glasses or safety goggles
Hearing protection (ear canal inserts)
Heavy duty leather gloves or combination of rubber insulating gloves with leather protectors
Leather footwear (AN)
Notice that the Incident Energy for PPE Category 2 has increased to 8, so one would need to be wearing clothing with an AR rating of 8 for this PPE Category.

66. Equipment Labeling
Read slide.

67. Equipment Labeling
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68. Equipment Labeling
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69. GLOVES
Point out the size of glove to be a 10. Point out the CLASS of 00. Also note the ‘MAX USE VOLT 500V AC’ There is a chart in a future slide that lists the CLASS and the MAX USE VOLT.

70. This is the best to buy. The package of the rubber gloves, the leather protectors and the storage bag.

71. Maximum Use Voltage (AC)
Class of Equipment
Maximum Use Voltage (AC)
Proof Tested  (VAC)
Proof Tested  (VDC) 00
500
2,500
10,000
1,000
5,000
20,000 1
7,500
40,000 2
17,000
50,000 3
26,500
30,000
60,000 4
36,000
70,000
This slide shows the CLASS of rubber glove to use depending on the MAX USE VOLTS.

72. Meter Requirements CAT III or CAT IV
The meter to use for maximum protection should have CAT III or CAT IV rating.

73. Who is Responsible for Electrical Safety?
Employers are required to:
Select appropriate PPE based on the hazards present or likely to be present in the workplace.
Prohibit the use of defective or damaged PPE.
Require that employees be trained so that each affected employee can properly use the assigned PPE.
Read slide.

74. NFPA 70E Enforcement
The practical result of complying with the safe work practices defined in NFPA 70E is, in most cases, complying also with the applicable OSHA regulations.
Read slide.

75. NFPA 70E Enforcement
Compliance is not mandatory, so OSHA safety and health compliance officers do not enforce NFPA 70E per se. But you can be cited for not complying with the standard. There is a growing tendency for them to rely on NFPA 70E under the so-called ‘general duty’ clause.
The ‘general duty’ clause is stated on the next slide.

76. NFPA 70E Enforcement
The OSHA ‘general duty’ clause as found in Section 5 (a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to furnish safe workplaces that are free from recognized hazards that are causing, or are likely to cause, death or serious physical harm to employees.
Read slide.

77. Response to an Electrical Accident
Read slide.

78. Response to an Electrical Accident
The first step must be to ‘TURN THE POWER OFF’
Remember that Speed is Essential
Extinguish flames
Call for Help (911)
Begin CPR & First Aid
Read slide.

79. Response to an Electrical Accident
First Aid
a. Cool the burn with water.
Do not attempt to remove burned clothing.
Elevate burned limbs.
Handle the victim with care.
Treat for shock.
Read slide.

80. Conclusion
When you work on ‘live’ circuits, you are open to the hazards and risks of electricity. Therefore, you need to take on the responsibility of protecting yourself.
Read slide.

81. VIDEOS
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82. SHORTED 20kA circuit 100 Amp Disconnect
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84. Switch Gear Explosion Please watch carefully as to when the worker puts his face shield down and the explosion.
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86. Switch Gear Explosion There are 3 workers
Switch Gear Explosion There are 3 workers. Watch for the one that is squatting between the other 2 during the explosion. The camera on the roof saw it all.
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88. Breaker Disconnect on Roof
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90. What are some things he could have done to better protect himself?
Read slide.

91. Tech Electrocuted Changing Air Filter
Heat Pump Service Call.
Checked out the equipment in the attic and outside.
Went under the house to change the air filter.
Touched the air handler cabinet, became locked and grounded by a wire that was shorted to the air handler’s metal cabinet.
Read slide.

92. Tech Electrocuted Changing Air Filter
5. He was LOCKED to the air handler and after some 15 minutes the homeowner called him.
When he did not answer, the owner went under and found him and was able to knock him off the unit and freed him.
The owner dragged him out and started CPR.
EMS arrived and continued CPR on the way to the Medical Center, where medical staff continued CPR, but a doctor pronounced him dead.
Read slide.

93. Tech Electrocuted Changing Air Filter
What are some things he could have done to better protect himself?
Read slide.

94. A novel way of taking a selfie that ended badly.
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96. YOU need to RESPECT electricity and BE SAFE.
Read slide.

97. That’s
All
Folks