2. Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School

4. New Cultures  appearance of new peoples in central America  Toltecs  Aztecs

5. The Toltecs  adopted sedentary agricultural practices  added a strong military and imperial culture –conquest of neighboring peoples  ritual wars –war....capture...sacrifice  “givers of civilization”

6. Toltec empire  central Mexico  expansion into former Mayan territories  northern Mexico –trade with the American Southwest –Chaco Canyon ???

7. Quetzalcoatl  The Feathered Serpent  Topiltzin: a priest –religious reformer –opposed to human and animal sacrifice  exiled to the east, with a promise to return on a specific date  same year as Cortez and the Conquistadors

8. The Aztecs  collapse of the Toltecs: 1150 A.D.  influx of nomadic invaders form the north  shift of power to central Mexico –large lakes –fertile agricultural areas  contests for control

9. The Aztecs: Origins  obscure background  claimed to have live in the area originally  exiled to the north to Aztlan  actually, nomads from the North  took advantage of the Toltec collapse  wrote history to suit their purposes

10. Origins  group who settled near Lake Texcoco  1325 A.D.  competed with other Chichimec immigrants  small states –claiming connections to the Toltecs –speaking Nahuatl

11. Lake Texcoco  several tribes  small city-state  Azcapotzalco, Culhuacan  Culhuacan: control by diplomatic marriage  complex alliances, constantly shifting

12. Aztecs  new group  used as mercenaries and occasional allies  constant movement around the lake shore –driven by stronger powers  reputation: good warriors and religious fanatics

13. Aztec Settlement  the legend: an eagle on a cactus, holding a rattlesnake  an island in Lake Texcoco  Tenochtitlan –1325 A.D. –Tlateloco: a second settlement

14. Aztec expansion  more active role in regional politics  rebelled against Azcapotzalco  emerged as an independent power  political merge: 1434 –Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tlacopan –Aztecs dominated the alliance

15. Social and Political Change  imperial expansion  subject peoples paid tribute, surrender land, and do military service  stratified society –under the authority of a supreme ruler –Tlacaelel: advised rulers and rewrote histories –the Aztecs had been chosen to serve the gods  human sacrifice greatly expanded

16. Human sacrifice  role of the military  role of expansion  flower wars  means of political terrorism  cult of sacrifice united with the political state

17. Religion and Conquest  little distinction between the natural and supernatural  traditional gods and goddesses  128 major deities

18. Gods  male/female dualism  different manifestations  five aspects –four directions –the center  gods as patrons  complex ceremonial year

19. Gods, con’t  gods of fertility and agriculture  gods of creation –cosmology and philosophical thought  gods of warfare  Huitzilopochtli: their tribal deity –identified with the Sun God

20. The Sun God and Sacrifice  a warrior in the daytime sky  fighting to give life to the world  enemy of the forces of night  the sun needs strength  52 year cycle of the world –required blood to avert destruction

21. The Sun God, con’t  sacrifice for sacrifice  the gods need nourishment –human blood and hearts  adoption of longstanding human sacrifice  expansion to “industrial” proportions –10,000 people on one occasion

22. The Empire: the Economy  high population density  combination of tradition and innovation –chinampas –20,000 acres –four crops a year  food as tribute

23. The Empire: the Economy  high population density  combination of tradition and innovation –chinampas –20,000 acres –four crops a year  food as tribute

24. Lands of the Aztecs

25. Aztec View of Tenochtitlan

26. Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan

27. The Codex Mendoza : The Founding of Tenochtitlan

28. Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas

29. Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15ft. to 30ft. wide

30. Tenochtitlan - Chinampas

31. Aztec Math Aztec Writing

32. Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar

33. Aztec Sun Motifs

34. Aztec Codex (15c Manuscript)

35. The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors

36. Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God

37. Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid

38. Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan

39. Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan

40. Aztec Gold

42. South America: the Incas  Cuzco: original home –1350 A.D.  expansion by 1438  Incan empire –ruled 10-13 million people

43. Religion and expansion  cult of ancestors  “split inheritance” –position to successor –land and wealth to descendants to care for the dead  new land necessary for each ruler

44. Religion  animism  sun worship

45. The Empire  four provinces  decimal organizations  Ouechua: the official language  colonists

46. The Empire con’t  infrastructure: roads and bridges  communications by runners –10,000  purpose: land and labor  little actual tribute

47. Inca “socialism”  empire claimed all resources  redistributed them evenly to all peoples  local independence  access to new goods and services

48. Weakness  top-heavy with royal and noble families  low level of technology  easy prey for the Spanish

49. Lands of the Incas

50. Cuzco: A ncient Capital of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level)

51. Machu Picchu

53. Incan Suspension Bridges

54. Incan Terrace Farming

55. Incan Digging Sticks

56. Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work

57. Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans

58. Produce from a Typical Incan Market

59. Incan Ceramic Jars PeanutPeanut PotatoPotato SquashSquash Cacao God Cacao Pod

60. The Quipu: An Incan Database

61. Incan Mummies

62. Inca Gold & Silver