1. TRMT 396 Lecture #2 Dan McDonald

3. Tourists seek authenticity amidst anomie (Durkheim) Dialectic created on the production of ‘locality’ “Double framing’ occurs to separate /protect local lifeways (misinformation, satire, psychological distancing) Tourists aware of this ‘backstage’ and desire it Irony … ↑ secrecy = ↑ attraction Harkin, 2003

4. Construction of a “Performance Space” Retain integrity but meet demand Museums & Cultural Centres Strategic shaping of the message – using cultural symbols for contemporary political arguments Stereotype & received history corrective Harkin, 2003

5. Anderson, 2009

6. Power of the Tourist culture can allow for a hegemonic construction of the host Tourist channeled to dichotomize into Self and ‘Other’ (Foucault) Indigenous needs only visible in the exchange based on tourist needs for authenticity Tourists destinations as places for viewing rather than interaction Conforming to Expectation Wearing & Darcy, 2011 Tourists?

7. There is no unity or fixity to host cultures (Bhahba) Signs can be appropriated, translated, re-historicized, and read anew Difference without inferiorization and identity fixity Implies a two-way flow of cultural material & ideas Creation of a ‘Third Space’

8. Connerton (1989) Collective Memories of a people Experience of the present depends of the knowledge of the past Stories legitimate a social order Said (1994) “nations are stories” The power to narrate is central to a culture Control of Stories and memories= Power

9. “Incanismo” in Peru (Hill, 2007) Land claims and modern treaty environment in Canada Treaty of Waitangi reassertion “La Ruta Maya” and the rise of nationalism Successful economic transformation (e.g. tourism) based on sovereignty (The Harvard Project) (The Harvard Project)

10. Identity a contested space World Council of Indigenous Peoples (1974-1996) Descendants of inhabitants at time of colonization Non-dominant in society Residents of the 4 th World (Manuel) UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (to present) Historical continuity Butler & Hinch Self-identify & others see as distinct Different linguistic identity Traditions distinct & desire to remain so Traditional systems of production Unique ties to territory & resources

11. CONTROL Low High THEMETHEME Culture Dispossessed Culture Controlled Non- Indigenous Tourism Diversified Tourism Smith’s 4 H’s Habitat Heritage History Handicrafts Majority Aboriginal owned and controlled plus sufficient cultural content that is culturally appropriate and recognized by the originators of that culture (ATBC) prepre absentabsent Butler & Hinch, 2007

12. Expectation can lead to ‘Cultural Triage’ Are dichotomy & differentiation necessary in tourism? What is the relationship between hybridity, globalization and differentiation? Shifting story can create space What is sufficient cultural content?

13. Anderson, A. (2009). Reclaiming our Vision: Aboriginal People in the Performing Arts. [Powerpoint slides] October 26 th lecture. Connerton,. (1989). How Societies Remember. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Michael D. Hill (2007): Contesting Patrimony: Cusco's Mystical Tourist Industry and the Politics of Incanismo, Ethnos, 72:4, 433-460 Said, E. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. New York, NY: Vintage Books. The Harvard Project. Retrieved from http://hpaied.org/