1. Khoisan Area Instruments

2. Khoisan Area  Population Density  Khoisan Area (1979)2001

3. Instrument Categories  Wind Horns, penny whistle  String Cacoxe, Serankure, Musical bow  Percussion bell, hungu, mukupela, puita, saxi, thumb piano, Ngoma, Sanza, singing

4. Wind – Khoisan Area  Horns Vandumbu soft wood trumpet covered with matted fibres Mjemboerose antelope's horn with a resonator greased with beeswax  Penny Whistle or tin flute is played in a local style with an unusual oblique positioning of the lips and tongue blowing over the end of the flute

5. String – Khoisan Area  Cacoxe  Serankure This is a monochord bowed trough zither. They would have originally been stringed with sinew, wire is now used, and have calabash or ostrich shell resonators

6. String – Khoisan Area  Musical Bow A bow-shaped chordophone made of wood and string.

7. Percussion – Khoisan Area  Bell Clochas, otherwise known as double-bells are one of the traditional instruments of Angola which were made by the musicians themselves.  Hungu The Hungu, also known as the Mbulumbumba, can best be described as an ancestor to the Brazilian berimbau. A small stick is used to strike the string of the bow which vibrates and is amplified by a gourd held against the stomach.

8. Percussion – Khoisan Area  Mukupela  Puita Kwita, Mpwita (friction drum). The drum's membrane is pierced once or twice to allow a wooden rod or cord (made of horsehair) or leather thong to pass back and forth. The membrane vibrates and produces a sound which can be modulated by controlling the pressure.

9. Percussion – Khoisan Area  Saxi Known commonly as maracas made from maboque with dry seeds (or glassbeads in recent times) that are placed inside via a few small holes. The Bavugu is based on the movement of compressed air. Three greased gourds are played using the hand over one of the holes, while the other is open and closed by pressing it against the thigh. It's used by the Kung people.  Thumb Piano Kisanji. Thumb pianos are often played at significant occasions – worship, funeral dirges (komba di tokwa), spiritual songs, the arrival of rain and so on. There are a variety of rhythms used in the music: Kabetula; Kilaphanga; Kaduque; semba (rebita) and makinu.

10. Percussion – Khoisan Area  Ngoma Ngoma is the general name for drum in Bantu language. Its form is generally conical or cylindrical, and can be played as an individual instrument or in an ensemble - sometimes with more than 25 players. Also used in the KwaZulu area are Zion drums and Zulu Hide drums which are hand drums covered in kudu hide.

11. Percussion – Khoisan Area  Sanza Sanza and mbira are the most widespread. Composed of a series of flexible tongues of uneven length, made of metal or bamboo, fixed to a wooden plate or trapezoid sound-box. The musician holds the instrument in both hands and uses the thumbs to pluck the slightly upturned free end of the lamellae.

12. Percussion – Khoisan Area  Singing "Singing makes all the sad people happy because it is the voice of happiness". (Zulu saying) The singing styles of South Africa and the Zulu people are worthy of special mention. Like much of Africa, music is considered the "food of life”. This enables the communication of emotions and situations which could not be made by talking. Ladysmith Black Mambazo

13. Khoisan Area  “Some fought in the field. I fought my battle singing.” Miriam Makeba “Mama Africa” singer exiled 30 years http://www.music.org.za/artists/makeba.htm

14. Khoisan Area  “ We sang, to build our spirit, to build our courage. I couldn’t sing to save my life. But I would sing to save my country.” Sifso Ntuli activist http://www.amandla.com/heroes/index.php

15. Khoisan Area  “Without music, our struggle would have been a great deal longer, a great deal bloodier, and perhaps not even succesful.” Archbishop Desmond Tutu http://www.tutu.org/