1. Everything is an Argument!
So what is argumentation?

2. Writing can be divided into Modes or “Types”
MODES/TYPES
of writing
Narrative
Expository
Persuasive
Analytical
Technical
METHODS
Good Writing =
Multiple Modes
FORMS

3. Persuasive MODE Characteristics : Forms:
ARGUMENTATIVE METHOD
Example One:
Which is more important: what a person thinks or what a person does
Characteristics :
Clear position established
All ideas are strongly related to position
Controlled, specific reasons and evidence
Writer recognizes opposing or alternate points of view
Persuasive tone throughout
Forms:
Advertisements
Editorials
Letters to the editor
Persuasive essays
Persuasive speeches
Propaganda (primarily political)
Reviews (books, movies, products)

4. Rhetoric is the power of language and its effects
Where do we begin?
Rhetoric is the power of language and its effects
Essence of rhetoric is built upon Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

5. Context Speaker Occasion Tone Tone Audience Subject PURPOSE L ETHOS
LOGOS
Audience
Subject
PATHOS

6. Academic Conversation
Writing well means entering into a conversation with others
The underlying structure of effective academic writing – and of responsible public discourse – resides not just in stating our own ideas, but in listening closely to others around us, summarizing their views in a way that they will recognize, and responding with our own ideas in kind
What others are saying and thinking motivates our writing and gives it reason for being
As a student and a writer you need to enter conversations and debates that surround you

7. “They Say” ~ “I Say”
Effective persuasive writers do more than make well-supported claims (“I say”); they also map those claims relative to the claims of others (“They say”)
Writing asks students not simply to keep proving and reasserting what they already believe, but to stretch what they believe by putting it up against the beliefs of our increasingly diverse, global society, to engage in the reciprocal exchange that characterizes true democracy.
Gerald Graff & Cathy Birkenstein

8. The Basics of Argumentation
It is a mode of writing intended to gain a reader’s agreement using the powers of reasoning and logic.
Arguments must be supported by evidence.
Evidence may include examples, personal, experience, statistics, research, expert testimony.
An argument can be spoken, written or visual as long as it expresses a point of view
Point of view is often termed the assertion/claim/thesis.

9. What are the Necessary Ingredients of an Argument?
Introduction:
Must state your assertion/claim/point of view/thesis
Introduce the ideas that motivate your response (“They say”)
Concession:
Recognize and acknowledge in more depth the opposing point of view
Reasons
Why do you believe what you believe?
Support each reason with evidence
Confirmation/Evidence:
Research, personal experience, examples, statistics, expert testimony
Conclusion (summation):
Restate your assertion in response to the ideas of others that motivated you to write your response
Amplify your best ideas
Offer a solution/compromise (where applicable)

10. Keep in mind…
The ability to enter complex, many-sided conversations has taken on a special urgency in today’s diverse, post 9/11 world, where the future for all of us may depend on our ability to put ourselves in the shoes of those who think very differently from us.
Therefore, we should learn to carefully and effectively listen to others, including those that disagree with us, and then engage with them thoughtfully and respectfully.

11. Ethos How to recognize Ethos Language appropriate to audience
An ethical or value-based appeal
How to recognize Ethos
Language appropriate to audience
Sincere, fair minded presentation
Correct grammar
Ethos is the "ethical appeal” or persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this character is established by means of the speech or communication.
Draws upon the audiences’ virtue, morals and prudence.
The Effect
Shows the speaker as a reliable, respectful source through the speaker’s respect for the audience’s values

12. Ethos Examples

13. Pathos How to recognize Pathos Emotionally loaded language
An appeal to emotions
How to recognize Pathos
Emotionally loaded language
Emotional tone
Personal stories
Vivid description
Pathos is the appeal to emotion. That is, how well the writer taps into the reader's emotions.
Many times, this appeal is how a writer will make an argument "matter" to readers.
The Effect
Creates an emotional, impulsive response

14. Pathos Examples

15. Logos How to recognize Logos Factual data and statistics Definitions
An appeal to logic
How to recognize Logos
Factual data and statistics
Definitions
Quotations
Opinions of an expert or authority
Logos is the appeal to reason or "logical appeal”. That is, how well the reader uses the "text" of his own argument and evidence.
Effective arguments will probably include facts, statistics, testimony, evidence and other supporting details to back up the author's claims.
The Effect
Creates a rational, reasonable, logical response

16. Logos Examples

18. CBS News Report

19. Lets see if you’ve got it…

20. Childfund Commercial

21. Questions What are some examples of ethos that you found?
What are some examples of pathos that you found?
What are some examples of logos that you found?
What is the primary appeal that is made?

22. KENS 5 Report

23. Questions What are some examples of ethos that you found?
What are some examples of pathos that you found?
What are some examples of logos that you found?
What is the primary appeal that is made?

24. Scene from “A Time to Kill”

25. Questions What are some examples of ethos that you found?
What are some examples of pathos that you found?
What are some examples of logos that you found?
What is the primary appeal that is made?

26. Credits “They Say” “I Say” by Gerald Graff & Cathy Birkenstein
Argumentation – Basic Training by Elizabeth Villarreal

27. Context Speaker Occasion Tone Tone Audience Subject PURPOSE L ETHOS
LOGOS
Audience
Subject
PATHOS