2. Movement terms review  Antagonistic – opposing movements Flexion   Extension Abduction   Adduction Inversion   Eversion

3. Remember these?

4. Overview

5. Guided Reading Questions  What is an “endoskeleton”?  What are the four components of the skeletal system?  What three things does the skeletal system provide for the body?

6. Humans have an endoskeleton  Found on body’s interior  Over 200 bones (in adult)  Derived from mesodermal mesenchyme  Organ system composed of:  Bones  Cartilage  Ligaments  Tendons

7. Bones are organs…  Blood vessels  Nerves  Stem cells

8. Functions of the skeleton  Provides:  Movement  Protection  Shape  Support Scaffolding for movement…

9. Protection  Bony enclosures protect brain, internal organs

10. Shape  Forms almost all contours of face and body

11. Support

12. Human skeletal System

13. Guiding Questions  What are the components of the axial and appendicular skeletons?  What types of surface features do bones have? (make a table like the one found on page. 175)

14. Two skeletal regions:  Axial  Spine  Ribcage  Hyoid bone  Skull  Appendicular  Upper appendages  Hands  Wrists  Arms  Shoulders  Lower appendages  Feet  Ankles  Legs  Kneecap  hips

15. The axial skeleton is subject to aging…  Functions nonstop  Balances, absorbs stress  Lying down  Moving  Sitting  Standing

16. Appendicular takes strains of movement…  Shares some of axial’s work  Toll is taken on joints of appendages, or articulations  Bone-to-bone connection = joint  Vary greatly in tissue composition, function

17. Surface features  Due to attachments to ligaments and tendons  Bone is a “plastic” organ  Remade due to stresses (pulling, stresses)  Found where bones meet at joints, blood vessels, nerves meet bone  Important landmarks for healthcare providers

18. Articular process  Bulge that contacts adjacent bone near a joint

19. Canal  Wide foramen that allows passage of blood vessels and nerves

20. Condyle  Large, rounded articular process  Covered with cartilage

21. Cornu  Small, horn-shaped protrusion  Attaches to ligament or tendon

22. Crest  Large ridge where muscles attach

23. Diaphysis/shaft  Long, main body of a bone

24. Eminence  Small bump where muscles attach

25. Epicondyle  Bulge near a condyle where ligaments and tendons attach

26. Facet  Small, smooth, articular surface  Usually covered with cartilage

27. Foramen  Opening through a bone  Small blood vessel/nerve passes into bone

28. Fossa  Wide, shallow indentation  Formed by muscle/nerve pressed against bone

29. Hamulus  Small, hooked protrusion  Attaches to ligament or tendon

30. Head  Proximal/distal end of a bone  Usually covered by cartilage

31. Line/ridge  Long, thin bulge  Usually rough surface that attaches to muscle

32. Malleolus  Hammer-shaped knob on end of bone  Attaches to ligament and tendon

33. Meatus  Short canal with many purposes

34. Neck  Region between head and shaft of bone

35. Process  Large bulge  Serves as muscle attachment

36. Sinus  Cavity within a cranial/facial bone

37. Spine  Long, narrow projection  Muscle attachment

38. Sulcus  Long furrow formed by muscle/nerve pressed against bone

39. Suture  Ridged articular surface  Attached to other bones of skull by fibrous connective tissue

40. Tuberosity  Large, irregularly shaped bump  Attaches to ligament and tendon

41. Tubercle  Small, irregularly shaped bump  Generally smaller than tuberosity  Attaches to ligament and tendon

42. Trochanter  Large, ridged tuberosity  Attaches to ligaments and tendons