1. Islamic Republic of Iran Capital: Tehran

2. Comparing Iran Only Theocracy we study. – Government ruled by religion. Sharia Law – Northern Nigeria Rentier State: Oil – Russia & Nigeria Economic and Political Indicators – NIC or just a LDC?

3. GDP per capita GDP by sector Life Expectancy Infant Mortality Literacy Rate HDI Value & Rank Freedom House Score Corruption Index & Rank Failed State Index & Rank Agriculture Industry Service Male Female Political Rights Civil Liberties United States 48,1001.219.279.678.55.9899.910 4 th 11 7.1 24 th 34.8 159 th United Kingdom 36,600.721.477.880.174.5699.863 28 th 11 7.8 16 th 35.3 158 th Russia17,0004.536.958.666.469.8899.755 66 th 65 2.4 143 rd 77.1 83 rd China8,5001046.843.174.8415.629688.687 101 st 76 3.6 75 th 78.3 76 th Mexico14,8003.834.26276.6616.778685.77 57 th 33 3.0 100 th 73.6 98 th Nigeria2,60035.433.63152.0574.367250.459 156 th 44 2.4 143 rd 101.1 14 th Iran13,20010.437.751.870.3541.118470.707 88 th 662.7 120 th 89.6 34 th

4. Nationalism & Religion Nationalism Pride in Persian history/heritage – Cyrus the Great: 550 B.C. Conquered by Alexander the Great: 332 B.C. * Retained local rule and culture

5. Nationalism and Religion Religion Prophet Zoroaster (circa 700-500 B.C.) – Monotheistic religion (Zoroastrianism) – Took root in Persia Arab invasion (7 th century) – Brought Islam to Persian culture – New monotheistic religion easily incorporated.

7. Shiite v. Sunni Division: – after Prophet Muhammad’s death, 632. Sunnis – Prominent leaders should choose a new leader. – Today: overwhelming majority of Muslims worldwide. Shiites (Shiism) – Leader should come from Muhammad’s family. – Today: high concentration in Iran and Iraq.

8. Shiism Imams: – Heirs of Muhammad’s son-in-law – 12 th Imam disappeared 900s (The Hidden Imam). Hidden Imam’s return will mark the end of the world. Ayatollahs: – Senior religious leaders who interpret sharia

10. Four Periods of Iranian History 1.The Safavids (1501-1722) 2.The Qajars (1794-1925) 3.The Pahlavis (1925-1979) 4.The Islamic Republic (1979- Present)

12. 1. The Safavids (1501-1722) Authoritarian monarch titled as “shah.” – King of kings. Established Shiism as the state religion – 90% of Iran was Shiite (Shi’i) by mid 1600s. Claimed to be heirs of Islam until Hidden Imam’s return. Tolerated “People of the Book” – Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians – Monotheistic faiths that had holy books. 1722: Afghani tribesmen invaded 1722-1794: Period of instability.

13. 2. The Qajars (1794-1925) Turkish invaders. Moved capital to Tehran. Retained Shiism as state religion. – Reduced link between church and state. – No link to 12 Imams. Age of European Imperialism – Oil rights in southwest sold to British – Borrowed heavily from European banks

14. Qajar Dynasty

15. Constitutional Revolution (1905-1909) Qajars: Fiscally irresponsible Middle class merchants: – Led massive protests – Shah’s guard (COSSACK BRIGADE) threatened to join protestors

16. Constitution of 1906 Popular sovereignty Separation of powers Direct election of legislators Created the MAJLES – National legislative assembly – Power to make laws – Influence over the budget Created the GUARDIAN COUNCIL – Clerics that could veto laws based on sharia.

17. End of Qajars Financial woes continue Constitution weakened the Shah World War I Russia occupied Northern Iran Britain occupied Southern Iran Iranians controlled a small area in Central Iran

18. 3. The Pahlavis (1925-1979) Reza Khan Pahlavi – Commander of Cossack Brigade Drove out Soviets following WWI. – Supported by British. Reestablished authoritarian rule in Iran – Majles=rubber stamp Modernization programs Secularization of society – No beards; no veils – No religious schools (created free state-run schools)

19. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1941-1979) 21-years old Power struggle with Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq – Majles gave Mossadeq emergency powers Placed British oil under Iranian Control. Sympathetic to U.S.S.R.

20. CIA in Iran (1951-53) CIA staged riots and protests – Mossadeq fled – Shah returned to power (1953) Strong U.S. ally from 1953-1979.

21. “The Evolution of Revolution” What are the causes of the Iranian Revolution?

22. Iranian Revolution (1979) Ayatollah Khomeini – Shiite cleric Reasons for Revolt 1.Progressivism v. Islamic Fundamentalism Shah– pro-U.S. (Westernization) Khomeini– Fundamentalist Islam 2.Neglect Lower Class 3.SAVAK: oppressive police force.

23. IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS, 1979-1981 January 1979: Shah flees Iran February 1979: Khomeini returns to Iran October 1979: Shah comes to U.S. November 4, 1979: Iranians storm U.S. embassy in Tehran. Take 52 Hostages. Demand Return of the Shah. July 1980: Shah dies.

24. April 1980: Operation Eagle Claw Failed rescue attempt helicopters and refueling plane collide. 8 commandos killed.

25. End of Hostage Crisis January 1981: After 444 Days. Released the moment Reagan was sworn in as president.

26. 4. The Islamic Republic (1979-Present) New Regime solidifies control. – Charisma of Khomeini – Iran Hostage Crisis Iranians rallied around Khomeini and other hard-line Muslims (not secularists and moderates) – Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988 – Cultural Revolution

27. Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988 Khomeini called for overthrow of Saddam. – Sunni: came to power in 1979. Saddam attacked Iran. ½ to 1 million Iranian causalities. Ended in stalemate. U.S. indirectly supported Iraq. Significance Regime consolidated power through national unity. Suppression of opposition.

28. Cultural Revolution (1980-1983) What was the goal of the Cultural Revolution? Highlight examples of how the Iranian Government implemented the Cultural Revolution.

29. Cultural Revolution, 1980-1983 Main Goal: – Cleanse society of secular and Western influence Education System: – Primary agent of Islamic socialization. Purged universities of leftists and secularists. Universities closed from 1980-1983. – Center of anti-regime activism – Reopened under the control of Islamic regime Curricula at all school levels emphasized: – Religious Studies-- Islamic Revolution – Islamic culture-- Anti-western Successful or unsuccessful?