1. DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION BUSES FOR DEVICES NETWORK

2. Bus Communication for networking
Each specific I/O device may be connected to other using specific interfaces, for example, with I/O device for example, LCD controller, keyboard controller and print controller.
Bus communication simplifies the number of connections and provides a common way (protocol) of connecting different or same type of I/O devices

3. IO Bus
Any device that is compatible with a system's I/O bus can be added to the system (assuming an appropriate device driver program is available), and a device that is compatible with a particular I/O bus can be integrated into any system that uses that type of bus.
I/O devices communicate with the processor through an I/O bus, which is separate from the memory bus that the processor uses to communicate with the memory system.

5. Embedded systems Networking
Embedded systems connected internally on same IC or systems at very short, short and long distances can be networked using a type of the I/O buses- CAN, I2C, USB, PCI, …

6. IO Bus for Networking vs. direct connections
Use of I/O bus, as opposed to direct connections between the processor and each I/O device, very flexible, allowing a system to support many different I/O devices depending on the needs of its users and allowing users to change the I/O devices that are attached to a system as their needs change.

7. Main disadvantage of an I/O bus
A bus has a fixed bandwidth that must be shared by all of the devices on the bus.
Even worse, electrical constraints (wire length and transmission line effects) cause buses to have less bandwidth than using the same number of wires to connect just two devices.
Essentially, there is a trade-off between interface simplicity and bandwidth.
Example
A bus has bandwidth of 2 Mb/s (can be used to transfer 2 Mb data in one s.
If 10 devices are connected, the 2 Mb/s is shared between the networked systems

8. Serial Bus
A serial bus has very few lines and the number of lines as per the protocol.
A wide range of I/O devices without having to implement a specific interface for each I/O device. When the I/O devices in the distributed embedded systems are networked at long distances of 25 cm and above, all can communicate through a common serial bus.

9. Internet or intranet
Using Internet or intranet, a computer or controller or embedded system IO device interface and globally network with computers and a wide range of devices in the systems
Parallel Bus
Using a parallel I/O bus allows a computer or controller or embedded system to interface with number of internal systems at very short distances without having to implement a specific interface for each I/O device.

10. Short distances Wireless Bus protocol
Up to 100 m using wireless personal area network (WPAN)
WPAN protocol without having to implement a specific wireless interface for each I/O device
Allows a handheld computer or controller or embedded system I/O device to interface and network with number of handheld system I/O devices of other handheld

11. SERIAL BUS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS – I2C

12. Interconnecting number of device circuits
Assume flash memory, touch screen, ICs for measuring temperatures and ICs for measuring pressures at a number of processes in a plant.
ICs mutually network through a common synchronous serial bus I2C
An 'Inter Integrated Circuit' (I2C) bus, a popular bus for these circuits.

13. Synchronous Serial Bus Communication for n/wing
Each specific I/O synchronous serial device may be connected to other using specific interfaces, for example, with I/O device using I2C controller
I2C Bus communication− use of only simplifies the number of connections and provides a common way (protocol) of connecting different or same type of I/O devices using synchronous serial communication

14. IO I2C Bus
Any device that is compatible with a I2C bus can be added to the system (assuming an appropriate device driver program is available), and a I2C device can be integrated into any system that uses that I2C bus.

16. Originally developed at Philips Semiconductors
Synchronous Serial Communication 400 kbps up to 2 m and 100 kbps for longer distances
Three I2C standards
1. Industrial 100 kbps I2C,
kbps SM I2C,
kbps I2C

18. I2C Bus
The Bus has two lines that carry its signals— one line is for the clock and one is for bi-directional data.
There is a standard protocol for the I2C bus.
Device Addresses and Master in the I2C bus
Each device has a 7-bit address using which the data transfers take place.
Master can address 127 other slaves at an instance.
Master has at a processing element functioning as bus controller or a microcontroller with I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) bus interface circuit.

19. Slaves and Masters in the I2C bus
Each slave can also optionally has I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) bus controller and processing element.
Number of masters can be connected on the bus.
However, at an instance, master is one, which initiates a data transfer on SDA (serial data) line and which transmits the SCL (serial clock) pulses. From master, a data frame has fields beginning from start bit.

21. Synchronous Serial Bus Fields and its length
First field of 1 bit─ Start bit similar to one in an UART
Second field of 7 bits─ address field. It defines the slave address, which is being sent the data frame (of many bytes) by the master
Third field of 1 control bit─ defines whether a read or write cycle is in progress
Fourth field of 1 control bit─ defines whether is the present data is an acknowledgment (from slave)

22. Synchronous Serial Bus Fields and its length
Fifth field of 8 bits─ I2C device data byte
Sixth field of 1-bit - bit NACK (negative acknowledgement) from the receiver. If active then acknowledgment after a transfer is not needed from the slave, else acknowledgement is expected from the slave
Seventh field of 1 bit ─ stop bit like in an UART

23. Disadvantage of I2C bus
Time taken by algorithm in the hardware that analyzes the bits through I2C in case the slave hardware does not provide for the hardware that supports it.
Certain ICs support the protocol and certain do not.
Open collector drivers at the master need a pull-up resistance of 2.2 K on each line.

24. SERIAL BUS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS – CAN

25. Serial Communication Distributed Control Area Network (CAN) Bus
Distributed Control Area Network example - a network of embedded systems in automobile

26. CAN Serial Bus Communication for Networking
CAN-bus line usually interconnects to a CAN controller between line and host at the node. It gives the input and gets output between the physical and data link layers at the host node.
The CAN controller has a BIU (bus interface unit consisting of buffer and driver), protocol controller, status-cum-control registers, receiver-buffer and message objects. These units connect the host node through the host interface circuit

29. Three standards:
33 kbps CAN,
110 kbps Fault Tolerant CAN,
1 Mbps High Speed CAN
CAN protocol
There is a CAN controller between the CAN line and the host node.
CAN controller ─BIU (Bus Interface Unit) consisting of a buffer and driver
Method for arbitration─ CSMA/AMP (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Arbitration on Message Priority basis)

30. Each Distributed Node Uses:
Twisted Pair Connection up to 40 m – for bi-directional data
Line, which pulls to Logic 1 through a resistor between the line and + 4.5V to +12V. :
Line Idle state Logic 1 (Recessive state)
Uses a buffer gate between an input pin and the CAN line
Detects Input Presence at the CAN line pulled down to dominant (active) state logic 0 (ground ~ 0V) by a sender to the CAN line
Uses a current driver between the output pin and CAN line and pulls line down to dominant (active) state logic 0 (ground ~ 0V) when sending to the CAN line

31. Protocol defined start bit followed by six fields of frame bits
Data frame starts after first detecting that dominant state is not present at the CAN line with logic 1 (R state) to 0 (D state transition) for one serial bit interval
After start bit, six fields starting from arbitration field and ends with seven logic 0s end-field
3-bit minimum inter frame gap before next start bit (R→ D transition) occurs

33. Protocol defined First field in frame bits
First field of 12 bits ─'arbitration field.
11-bit destination address and RTR bit (Remote Transmission Request)
Destination device address specified in an 11-bit sub-field and whether the data byte being sent is a data for the device or a request to the device in 1-bit sub-field.
Maximum 211 devices can connect a CAN controller in case of 11-bit address field standard

34. 11-bit address standard CAN
Identifies the device to which data is being sent or request is being made.
When RTR bit is at '1', it means this packet is for the device at destination address. If this bit is at '0' (dominant state) it means, this packet is a request for the data from the device.

35. Protocol defined frame bits Second field
Second field of 6 bits─ control field. The first bit is for the identifier’s extension.
The second bit is always '1'.
The last 4 bits specify code for data length
Protocol defined frame bits Third field
Third field of 0 to 64 bits─ Its length depends on the data length code in the control field.

36. Protocol defined frame bits Fourth field
Fourth field (third if data field has no bit present) of 16 bits─ CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) bits.
The receiver node uses it to detect the errors, if any, during the transmission

37. Protocol defined frame bits Fifth field
Fifth field of 2 bits─ First bit 'ACK slot‘
ACK = '1' and receiver sends back '0' in this slot when the receiver detects an error in the reception.
Sender after sensing '0' in the ACK slot, generally retransmits the data frame.
Second bit 'ACK delimiter' bit. It signals the end of ACK field.
If the transmitting node does not receive any acknowledgement of data frame within a specified time slot, it should retransmit.

38. Protocol defined frame bits Sixth field
Sixth field of 7-bits ─ end- of- theframe specification and has seven '0's.