1. Nara Women’s University Modeling the Developmental Process of Depth Perception of Elementary Students Naoko Yoshii, Masami Takata, Kazuki Joe Graduate School of Humanity and Science Nara Women’s University

2. Outline of presentation Introduction Background and objectives Short review Recognition of two dimensional images Experiment Modeling Conclusions

3. Nara Women’s University Background H.A.Witkin: Spatial cognition → men's sense of direction is better than that of women Infants’ depth perception

4. Nara Women’s University Objectives To make the developmental differences in depth perception of two dimensional images between boys and girls clear. To construct a developmental model of depth perception of each image by gender.

5. Nara Women’s University Outline of presentation Introduction Background and objectives Short review Recognition of two dimensional images Experiment Modeling Conclusions

6. Nara Women’s University Short review First stage creation of schema Hock ： two-stage model ・ Create schema ・ Can not manipulate schema Second stage ・ Can manipulate and understand schema manipulation of schema

7. Nara Women’s University Short review Piaget : developmental stages ・ 7,8 ~ 11 years old -- development of ability to manipulate and understand schema ・ 2 ~7 years old -- Create schema -- No manipulation of schema

8. Nara Women’s University Short review Hock ： two-stage model Piaget Boys Girls We analyzed the experimental data of each image by gender. gray scale images edge images No distinctions by gender. color images

9. Nara Women’s University Outline of presentation Introduction Background and objectives Short review Recognition of two dimensional image Experiment Modeling Conclusions

10. Nara Women’s University Experiment Depth perception of two dimensional images --edge, gray scale, color In the order of edge, gray scale and color 85 children ( 7 – 11 years old ) The method of paired comparison ・ “ I do not understand ” → mistake ・ “ They are the same ” → mistake Age (years) BoysGirls 799 8108 97 127 1149 Table 1. Object child

11. Nara Women’s University Experiment 18 images : 6 photos, each one rendered 3 different ways (edge, gray scale, and color) 20 questions about the 6 photos Images size are 89 ㎜ × 127 ㎜

12. Nara Women’s University Experiment

13. Nara Women’s University Experiment

14. Nara Women’s University Outline of presentation Introduction Background and objectives Short review Recognition of two dimensional images Experiment & Results Modeling Conclusions

15. Nara Women’s University Experiment results Result of each image Figure 6. Boy’s graph Figure 7. Girl’s graph

16. Nara Women’s University Experiment results Accuracy by image type --edge images are low, color images are high Boys’ accuracy and girls’ accuracy Most accurate age 9 ~ 10 year old girls rapid development

17. Nara Women’s University Results & discussions (Q2_4) “Which is farther away, this (the eaves outside the room ) or this (the glass door in room)?’’ Figure 8. The indoor image of a kindergarten school edge of eaves outside the room glass door in room Correct answer rate of the color image; --seven years old ; 61.11% (boys 88.89 ％， girls 33.33 ％） --eight years old ; 94.44 ％ (boys 100 ％， girls 87.50 ％） Correct answer rate of the color image; --seven years old ; 61.11% (boys 88.89 ％， girls 33.33 ％） --eight years old ; 94.44 ％ (boys 100 ％， girls 87.50 ％）

18. Nara Women’s University Experiment results Experiment result The differences in development Construction of a developmental model

19. Nara Women’s University Outline of presentation Introduction Background and objectives Short review Recognition of two dimension images Experiment Modeling Conclusions

20. Nara Women’s University Modeling Regression equation : y=a/x+b Obtaining constant a and constant b to minimize the following expression. (1) Partial differentiation for constants a and b Simultaneous equation

21. Nara Women’s University Edge image: Boy‘s developmental model ： ｙ＝ -1.0281 ／ｘ＋ 0.8896 （ 2 ） Girl’s developmental model ： ｙ＝ -2.0460 ／ｘ＋ 1.0578 （ 3 ） Gray scale image ： Boy’s developmental model ： ｙ＝ -1.7732 ／ｘ＋ 1.0333 （ 4 ） Girl’s developmental model ： ｙ＝ -1.7210 ／ｘ＋ 1.0211 （ 5 ） Color image ： Boy’s developmental model ： ｙ＝ -1.3522 ／ｘ＋ 1.0034 （ 6 ） Girl’s developmental model ： ｙ＝ -0.8196 ／ｘ＋ 0.9297 （ 7 ） （, ｘ： age, ｙ： correct answer rate ） Modeling

22. Nara Women’s University Conclusions Our experiment results make it clear that there is a difference in the development of depth perception of two dimensional images among boys and girls. In the near future, using the results of this research of age and sex,we hope to develop an effective instructional strategy for the field of education.

23. Nara Women’s University That’s all for my presentation. Thank you very much.