1. Vertical Circulation
Team 1

2. Team Members Marie Baretsky Robert Davis Hadiza Djibring
David Encarnacion
Hadiza Djibring

3. History
1854- Elisha Otis demonstrates his safety brake at the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations at the Crystal Palace in NY. Elevator ropes at the time were generally made out of fiber and if the rope broke there was nothing to stop it. The introduction of a safety brake helped alleviate the publics fear of falling.
1857- The first public elevator is installed at the E.V. Haughwout & Co. store in NY. It serviced five floors and traveled at an average rate of 40 feet per min.
1889- The first electric elevator is installed at the Demarest Building in NYC replacing the steam engine with an electric motor. MB

4. 1900- Otis Elevator Co. trademarks the term “escalator”.
1894- The Otis Elevator Co. installs the first automatic electric push-button elevator.
1892- Early predecessors to the escalator are invented and patented. Jesse Reno’s “Endless conveyor or Elevator” and George Wheeler’s “inclined elevator”
1900- Otis Elevator Co. trademarks the term “escalator”.
1900 Paris Exposition uses movable ramps and walkways to aid in circulation.
1902- Flatiron building is built with elevators servicing 21 floors.
1913- Woolworth building rises 57 stories.
1920’s- Ward-Leonard system of electric motor speed and control allows for smooth transitioning between accelerating and decelerating
(Strakosch and Caporale 30) MB

5. Hydraulic Elevators RD

6. • Speeds vary from 25 to 150 fpm (Feet Per Minute)
Hydraulic Elevators:
• Pumps provide oil pressure for lift. An electric motor pumps the oil into a cylinder to move the piston
• They are used in low rise buildings up to 50 feet high or 5 stories maximum.
• Speeds vary from 25 to 150 fpm (Feet Per Minute) RD

7. Hydraulic Elevator Types
In-Ground: This type has a cylinder that extends into the ground
the same height to which the elevator is to be lifted.
Hole-Less: This type uses telescoping pistons on one or both sides
of the cab to lift it. The cylinder stands within the hoist way and does
not require a drilled hole. This class is typically limited to under 40’ of travel.
Roped: This type is similar to a traction type elevator. The cab is elevated
by an attached rope that is pulled by pistons.
No wires, cables, or overhead machinery is required for the In-Ground
and Hole-less types. A machine room is required to house both the oil
storage tank and the pump. The slow speeds of hydraulic elevators makes
the ideal for freight elevators up to 50 tons. RD

8. Hydraulic Elevator Types
In-Ground
Hole-Less
Roped RD

9. How Hydraulics Work
The cylinder is connected to a fluid-pumping system.
The hydraulic system has three parts:
A tank (the fluid reservoir)
A pump, powered by an electric motor
A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir
The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder.
When the valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least
resistance and return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve is closed,
the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the cylinder.
As the fluid collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the car.
Working Diagram RD

10. Safety Systems
All elevator systems should be equipped with a complete safety system.
Some of the safety systems that most elevators currently on the market utilize are:
built in braking systems
a governor (speed monitoring device)
electromagnetic brakes
and a shock absorber system
These subsystems are easier to install in roped elevator systems.
Another safety feature in most elevators is a sensor on the door that
ensures that nothing is caught in the doorway when the doors are closing.
When motion or the presence of an object is sensed the doors go to an
open position for a specified number of seconds. Then the doors again try to close. RD

11. Traction Elevators (Pull Elevators).
The Most Common type of Elevators.
Cars pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave.
The weight of car balanced by a counter weight.
Sometimes cars built in pairs and synchronized to move in opposite directions, and serve as each other’s counterweigh.
Traction elevators use steel cords or flat steel ropes a lot of traction elevators prefer the use of flat steel ropes because they are extremely light due to its carbon fiber core and a high-friction coating, and does not require any oil or lubricant. Because of these qualities, elevator energy consumption in high-rise buildings can be cut significantly.
Hadiza D.

12. Different types of Traction Elevators
Gearless
Geared
Different types of Elevators
Hydraulic Elevators.
Traction Elevators.
Climbing Elevators.
Pneumatic Elevators.
Different types of Traction Elevators
Geared Elevators.
Gear-Less Elevators.
Machine-Room-Less Elevator.
Hadiza D.

13. Geared Traction Elevator.
The Gear Box Is attached to the Motor, to drive the wheel and pull the rope.
These elevators typically operate at speeds from 38 to 152 meters ( ft) per minute and carry loads of up to 13,600 kilograms (30,000 lb).
Machines Driven by AC or DC electric motors hoists.
Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high speed motor.
 An electrically controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the desired floor level.
Hadiza D.

14. Geared Traction Elevator Configuration.
The Governor
The governor is a device actuated by the centrifugal force of whirling weights opposed by gravity. It is used in elevators as a standard safety measure to set an emergency mechanical brake that brings the car to a stop when the car exceeds a safe speed. A set of redundant safety features (both mechanical and electrical) are used in the elevator industry to ensure that cars do not run away. These safety measures depend on local and national codes and vary from country to country and even state to state. The interested reader is invited to read [1] should he/she be interested in learning more about them.
Compensating Ropes
Compensating ropes are used to compensate for the change in hoisting rope weight that occurs as a function of the position of the car in long hoist ways. Basically, the use of compensating ropes insures that, for a given load, the motor sees the same inertia at all stops in the hoist way.
Double/Single Wrapping
The use of double wrapping provides substantially increased hoist rope traction surface area and is desirable in elevators with heavy loads. Hoist traction occurs between the hoisting ropes and grooves that are cast in the drive sheave. Figure 4 presents a cross section of two drive sheaves and represents the two most prevalent groove types used in the industry. As a rule of thumb the single wrap machines use the "V" groove and the double wrap machines use the "U" groove.
Hadiza D.

15. Gearless Traction Elevator.
There is a wheel attached to the motor.
These elevators typically operate at speeds greater than 500 feet per minute.
A brake is mounted between the motor and drive sheave (or gearbox) to hold the elevator stationary at a floor.
Hadiza D.

16. Gearless Overhead. Hadiza D.
1.1 Gearless traction elevators are typically used in high speed applications for tall hoist ways. This gearless hoist machine consists of the traction sheave, brake drum and motor armature or rotor all mounted on a common shaft supported by two roller bearings. The gearless motor can be either A-C or D-C. They can be single or double wrapped as shown in Figure 1.
Hadiza D.

17. Gearless Overhead.
2.1 Gearless traction elevators are also used in high speed applications for tall hoistways however they are typically used for shorter hoistways and lower speeds than their 1:1 cousins. Like the 1:1 machine the 2:1 gearless elevator consists of a traction sheave, brake drum and motor armature or rotor all mounted on a common shaft supported by two roller bearings. The main difference is the roping configuration which allows for a motor rotational speed that is double that employed in the 1:1 machine for the same car speed (and hence the use of smaller motor frames for the same horsepower). The gearless motor can be either A-C or D-C. They can be single or double wrapped as shown in Figure 2.

18. Machine-Room-Less Elevators:
They are typically traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft.
The machine sits in the override space and the controls sit above the ceiling adjacent to the elevator shaft.
Designed for buildings between about two and 30 stories, this system employs a smaller sheave than conventional geared and gearless elevators.
The reduced sheave size, together with a redesigned machine, allows the machine to be mounted within the hoistway itself—eliminating the need for a bulky machine room on the roof.
The true MRL gearless traction model has been made possible by two main factors: the compact controller innovation and the inspection/test panel. In these true MRL models, compact controllers fit inside the wall of the top elevator landing, and most necessary test and maintenance features can be concealed behind a panel in the elevator entrance to give building personnel, elevator mechanics, and city or state inspectors access to the critical items they need.
Hadiza D.

19. Escalators DE

20. HISTORY
Escalator are a type transportation device that moves people from one level to another without human physical movement. It’s a moving staircase with steps that move up or down different levels, that use a conveyor belt and track which keep the step horizontal for the pedestrians. Thus the escalator began as an amusement and not as a transportation system that is being use today. The first patent relating to an escalator-like machine was granted in 1859 to a Massachusetts man for a steam driven unit. On March , Jesse Reno patented his moving stairs or inclined elevator as he called it. DE

21. 1900’s – Present
1900’s Escalator, few difference, yet still the same concept of transportation.
Escalator of present day. This is a picture taken from Broadway Junction. Since the invention of escalator, it has not change. But the rise and run of it has change over time to accommodate different level of floor height due to technology.
Otis Elevator Company produced the first commercial escalator in 1899. DE

22. Design & Specifications
CODE CLEARANCE
Specifications
Balustrades in "solid" usually #4 or #8 stainless steel and bronze or glass with thickness either 3/8" or 1/2". Speed. 100 ft per minute, which is the maximum speed. Step widths in 24-in, 32-in and 40-in. Microprocessor based controller. Maximum travel distance varies with manufacturer. Painted steps in silver and black High-impact step inserts in yellow and black Floor Plate in aluminum and stainless steel Safety features. (See Safety Features sidebar below.) DE

23. Specifications
24 inch wide escalators accommodate a single person without room for any extra items or people. These are generally used in low traffic areas or where space is tight.
32 inch wide escalators accommodate a single person and a suitcase or package.  These are used at moderate traffic areas.
40 inch wide escalators accommodate two people side-by-side and allow a person to pass a stationary person.  These are recommended for high traffic applications. DE

24. Energy consumption in Horsepower
Specification Chart
Size
Step Width
Single-step capacity
Applications
Energy consumption in Horsepower
Small
24 in
One passenger
Two passengers - one may walk past another
5 HP
Medium
32 in
One passenger + one package or one piece of luggage
10 HP
Large
40 in
Mainstay of metro systems, larger airports, train stations, some retail usage
15 HP DE

25. Building Code- Chapter 30
Number of elevators in a hoistway.
Where four or more elevator cars serve all or the same portion of a building, the elevators shall be located in no fewer that two separate hoistways. Not more that four elevator cars shall be located in a single hoistway.
Elevator car to accommodate ambulance stretcher
Where elevators are provided in buildings four or more stories above grade plane or four or more stories below grade plane, at least one elevator shall be provided for fire department emergency access to all floors. The elevator shall be of such a size to accommodate a 24-inch by 84-inch ambulance stretcher in the horizontal, open position and shall be identified by the international symbol for emergency medical services (star of life). The symbol shall not be less that 3 inches high. And placed on both sides of the hoistway door frame
(specsandcodes.typepad.com/the_code_corner/2012/02/elevators.html) MB

26. 3002.7 Common enclosure with stair way
Elevators shall not be in a common shaft enclosure with a stair way.
Number of elevators
A number of elevators shall be kept available at every floor for the sole use of the Fire Department. This requirement shall apply to the following types of buildings:
High-rise buildings with occupancies classified in Groups A, B, E, I, F, H, M and S
Buildings with Group B occupancies with a gross area of 200,000 square feet
Buildings with a main use or dominant occupancy in Group R-1 or R-2
Three or fewer elevators
Where a floor is serviced by three or fewer elevators, every car shall be kept available for sole use by the Fire Department
More than three elevators
Where a floor is serviced by more that three elevator cars, at least three elevator cars with a total rated load capacity of not less that 6,000lbs shall be kept available for the sole use of the Fire Department. If the total load capacity of all cars servicing the floor is less that 6,000lbs, all such cars shall be kept available for sole use of the Fire Department MB

27. ADA Standards Chapter 4 section 407
Table Elevator Car Dimensions (text version)
Minimum Dimensions
Door Location
Door Clear Width
Inside Car, Side to Side
Inside Car, Back Wall to Front Return
Inside Car, Back Wall to Inside Face of Door
Centered
42 inches
(1065 mm)
80 inches
(2030 mm)
51 inches
(1295 mm)
54 inches
(1370 mm)
Side
(off-centered)
36 inches
(915 mm)1
68 inches
(1725 mm)
Any
60 inches
(1525 mm)2
1. A tolerance of minus 5/8 inch (16 mm) is permitted.
2. Other car configurations that provide a turning space complying with 304 with the door closed shall be permitted. ( MB

28. What to Consider Pedestrian traffic: What is your peak travel time?
How many people do you need to service?
What is an acceptable travel time?
Space:
Occupying a minimum footprint in the building
Recommended:
6,000lb capacity with 60 in center opening doors.
Accommodate 25-40% of building occupancy for classrooms and 20% for laboratories during a 5 min period.
Interval time between sec
(Strakosch and Caporale 324) MB

29. Probable stops-
How often the elevator is likely to make based on number of floors and number of passengers
Running Time-
How long it takes the elevator to travel from floor to floor including stopping and starting based on floor height and elevator speed
(Strakosch and Caporale 74)
(Strakosch and Caporale 78) MB

30. How long it takes to load and unload the elevator.
Transfer Times-
How long it takes to load and unload the elevator.
Door Operating Time-
How long it takes the elevator doors to open and close.
(Strakosch and Caporale 75)
(Strakosch and Caporale 76) MB

31. Example Calculation Given: 7 story building
Typ. floor height is 12ft
500 fpm elevator
20 passengers up
20 passengers down
Building Occupancy 1,500 people
60in center opening doors
Calculate: Total time for an elevator trip
Waiting time
Number of elevators needed
Required: Accommodate 20% of building occupancy during 5 min peak rush
Interval (waiting time) between sec MB

32. Total Time= Time up + Time down + Standing time
Time Up= (Running time per floor) X (Number of stops)
Calculating Running time/ floor
= 4.4 sec/floor
(Strakosch and Caporale 74)
(Strakosch and Caporale 78) MB

33. Standing time= Lobby time + Transfer time + Door operation time
18 sec for 22 people
Transfer time=
3 sec for 2 passengers + 1 sec every additional
3+1= 4 sec/stop x 6 stops= 24 sec total time
Door operation time for 60 in center open door=
6.5 sec/stop x 6 stops= 39 sec
18 sec lobby + 24 sec transfer +39 sec door = 81 sec
Add 10% for inefficiency= 161 x 1.10= 89.1 sec
(Strakosch and Caporale 75)
(Strakosch and Caporale 76) MB

34. Standing Time Down= + 89.1 sec Total round trip time= 231 sec
For our calculations let’s assume running time and standing time up is equal to running and standing time down
Running Time Up= sec
Standing Time Up= sec
Running Time Down= sec
Standing Time Down= sec
Total round trip time= sec
Passengers up=
Passengers down= + 22
Total # of passengers= 44
1 Elevator= 44 people/231 sec
Five min capacity=
5min x 60 sec/min= 300 sec
We need to accommodate 20% of the building occupancy
1,500 people x 0.2= 300 people
300/57= 5.3 = 6 elevators needed
231 sec/6 elevators= 38.5 sec Interval MB

35. References Calculations
Strakosch, George R., and Robert Caporale, ed. The Vertical Transportation Handbook. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2010
Code
Escalators
(Then select first link to download which is a {.PDF} )
Traction Elevators
Team 1

36. Hydraulic Elevators
Building Systems: Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, Fire Safety & Communication Systems, Lighting & Acoustics Wendell C. Edwards, Chapter 11, pg
requirements)
ground)
Elevator Co.)
for cover page)
Elevators)
  of cylinder)
(How hydraulic cylinders work)
Hydraulic Elevator Diagram)
hydraulics work)
and Cons)
Team 1