1. Analyzing Poetry By Mrs. May

2. Formal Analysis 3 devices = meter, foot, rhyme Poetry creates meaning from –Interactions between the meaning of words and the effects of them arranged in metrical patterns FORM and MEANING must be considered together for full understanding

3. Poetry Expresses the ineffable “A poem is the shortest emotional distance between two points” (Robert Frost) Poetry is intimate, private, emotional – open to many interpretations Historically, poetry has played an important role in illuminating cultural inequalities Poetry = way of engaging world while providing personal meaning

4. Points to Remember Form enhances credibility (i.e. sonnet) Rhyme Scheme/Form – influence diction, syntax and style Tone created through imagery and connotation

5. Major Impacts of Rhyme Add degree of aural enhancement Tend to make it more memorable Stress major points Adds to popularity and readability Summarizes major meaning of poem in exclamatory manner! Used to emphasize words AND make connections between them

6. Common Themes in Poetry Usually universal theme – connects to emotions and life –Coming of Age: Identity search; loss of innocence, growth through life –Life Cycle: Major events, i.e. birth, falling in love, growing old, death –The Quest: Undertaking journeys to achieve a goal –Outcast Motif: Individual is either isolated or excluded from society – can be voluntary or involuntary

7. Literary Devices and Effect on Reader Emotional Effect – relates to the human condition, allows for personal connections Literary devices used to provide examples/allow for individual connections or interpretations of the poem

8. Style Style: Author’s distinctive way of writing –Manner of language used to evoke mood –Refers to a time period in literary history OR to an individual writer Style includes: –Diction, or word choice, which some believe most important subject of poetry –Tone/Figures of speech –Sentence length/structure

9. Tone Tone usually associated with attitude Irony VERY common Communicated by writer’s diction MOOD = overall feeling Mood + Tone add richness and texture to words, deliberate by writer TONE SHIFTS = Essential in analyzing poetry and purposeful by writer Common Tones: Serious, bitter, humorous, ironic, sympathetic, joyous, mocking, angry, amusing, shocked, playful

10. Imagery Used in poetry to create “pictures” evoked in a poem Reader perceives “pictures” through senses Tangible – NOT abstract – allows readers to connect with poet’s thoughts/ideas Allows poet’s meaning to be strong, clear and sure

11. Figurative Language Manipulates language to convey impressions in a new, innovative construction Used to SUGGEST rather than give direct meaning Allows poet AND reader opportunity for unique expression and understanding Denotation (literal meaning) v. Connotation (implied meaning) Emotions, feelings and moods invoked through skillful use of figurative language (i.e. similes, metaphors, hyperbole, personification, etc.)

12. Other Common Devices Allegory: Uses story to symbolize another meaning (i.e. Bible story/character) –Common in older poetic works –Often replaced in modern works with symbolism Allusion: Reference to well-known place, event, person, work of art; enrich work by suggesting powerful comparisons Satire: Aims to expose human OR institutional vices in which corrective is implied or directly proposed (often via humor)

13. Guidelines for Reading Poetry 1.Understand relationship of title to work. 2.Know who the “speaker” is. 3.Know major theme or argument that dominates work. 4.Use of meter and rhyme. 5.Poetry – deals with either private or individual matters or public spectrum 6.Examine poetry for figurative language – this allows for individual interpretation and connection to a poem!

14. Tips for Analyzing a Poem 1.Read poem two times – jot down “gist”. 2.Annotate – symbols, devices, meter, rhyme. 3.Paraphrase by stanza (or line). 4.Imagine setting using imagery – create a visual picture in your mind. 5.Write one sentence summary of poem’s essence.

15. TPPCASTT T: Title – what does it mean? P: POV – who is the speaker? P: Paraphrase – by stanza/line C: Connation/Denotation – what is the implied meaning? A: Attitude/Analysis – analyze use of imagery, symbols, irony, figurative language, word choice, diction, meter, rhyme, mood S: Shifts (Tone) – we think/feel one thing then it changes – indicates tone shifts – consider changes T: Title – re-visit title – are there any new insights on meaning/significance of title T: Theme – what does the poem say about life/humanity?

16. GEM WORDS Rhyme Meter Foot Diction Syntax Style Tone Imagery Allegory Allusion Satire Irony Figurative language –Similes –Metaphors –Personification –Hyperboles Denotation v. Connotation Tone Stanza Refrain Style Blank verse Free verse