1. Plant Kingdom
Biology 112

2. Kingdom Plantae
The term plant is used to include organisms that share the following characteristics:
Ability to synthesize carbohydrates by photosynthesis
Presence of cellulose cell walls
Alternation of generations in their life cycles
Lack of mobility

3. The gametophyte generation begins with a spore produced by meiosis
The gametophyte generation begins with a spore produced by meiosis. The spore is haploid, and all the cells derived from it (by mitosis) are also haploid. In due course, this multicellular structure produces gametes — by mitosis — and sexual reproduction then produces the diploid sporophyte generation.

4. Plant Diversity As environments change so do species
Land plants have adapted with the evolution of structures and systems for the transport of water; roots, stems and leaves; and a method of reproduction that did not depend on water for the dispersal of gametes
As plants became more complex they depend on water less for reproduction

5. Classification
Scientists have devised a number of classification schemes for plants. The 3 main groups we will look at are:
AQUATIC
NONVASCULAR
VASCULAR

6. Aquatic Plants
The simplest of plants live surrounded by water b/c it satisfies their needs: nutrients, moisture, spore dispersal.
Most are green, brown and red algae
Most are multicellular
The multicelled body is called a thallus and lacks conductive tissue as well as true roots, stems, and leaves.

10. Adaptations for a Terrestrial Lifestyle
Mosses, liverworts, and ferns, gave rise to more complex terrestrial plants that bear seeds and flowering plants.
The two lineages are divided into vascular and nonvascular plants
Vascular tissue is conducting tissue called the xylem and phloem. These allow for transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant.

11. Vascular and Non Vascular
Both vascular and nonvascular plants have a waxy protective cuticle, numerous stomata and complex reproductive structures.
The cuticle is a non cell layer secreted by the epidermal cells which keep the plant from drying out.
Stomata are pores in the epidermis of plants, usually in leaves. Allow for exchange of gases.

12. STOMATA
Guard Cells
Chloroplasts
Nuclei

13. NONVASCULAR “LAND” Plants
Also called bryophytes
Confined to moist habitats b/c they need water for sexual reproduction
Commonly found in wetlands, rain forests, and roadside ditches
Generally less than 20cm tall
3 classes: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

14. Bryophytes Have leaflike, stemlike and rootlike organs
Have rhizoids (root-like filiments) that anchor the plant
Water and nutrients move from cell to cell by diffusion
Mosses are the most common and they hold a lot of water – this sponge like feature makes them useful in oil spills, and potting soils
Ex: used sphagnum (moss) as a maxipad long ago

15. Vascular Plants
Division Tracheophyta which includes the “true” terrestrial plants such as the familiar ferns, shrubs, trees, and flowering plants
They transport nutrients, water and minerals via a vascular system
With the exception of ferns, vascular plants have evolved reproductive structures that are free of total dependence on water

16. Vascular Structure
The vascular tissue provides a continuous internal conduction system between roots, stems and leaves.
It also provides structural support

17. Two Types of Vascular Plants
Those that produce seeds
Those that do not produce seeds

18. Seedless Plants Dominant land plant 300 million years ago
Most are now extinct

19. Seed Plants
Reproductive Adaptations and an improved vascular system largely account for the success of seed plants
The most widely distributed and complex group of plants on Earth
known seed plants
Have separate male and female gametophytes, as well as roots, stems and leaves.

20. Seed Plants
Seed type is the main criterion for distinguishing the two major seed-bearing groups; gymnosperms and angiosperms
Greek: sperma “seed”, gymnos “naked”, and angeion “vessel”
Gymnosperms produce unprotected or “naked” seeds in conelike structures, and
Angiosperms produce seeds that are enclosed and protected inside the fruit, which is formed by the flower.
Seeds ensure the survival of seed plants by resisting desiccation.

21. ANGIOSPERMS (Flowering Plants)

22. Characteristics of Angiosperms
There are thousands of different kinds of flowering plants
They range from tiny pond-surface plants, which are less than 1mm long to trees 100m tall.
Angiosperms ALL produce seeds in reproductive structures called flowers. Then, as the seeds mature, the flower changes into a fruit.
The name angiosperm means “covered seed”
Mature seeds are scattered, or dispersed, along with the fruit

23. Monocots and Dicots
Botanists are able to divide the 235,000 species of angiosperms into two large groups based on the structure of their seeds
Inside the seeds of angiosperms are tiny embryonic leaves called cotyledons. The seeds of one group of angiosperms have one cotyledon, called monocotyledons or monocots.
Other angiosperms have two cotyledons. These are called dicotyledons or dicots

26. Monocots and Dicots
They also have distinctive patterns of veins in their leaves.
The veins of monocot leaves are parallel to each other
The leaves of dicots usually have netlike veins

27. Monocot Examples
Tulips, daffodils, irises, lilies, palm trees

28. Dicot Examples
Buttercups, peas, roses, sunflowers, maple trees, and dandelions

29. Grass?
The leaf blade of grasses indicates whether they are monocots or dicots based on leaf veins.
To which group do grasses belong?
You are right if you said monocots!

30. Page 453 of Text
Draw Figure here!

31. GYMNOSPERMS

32. Gymnosperms
Represent all seed plants that DO NOT form flowers (therefore do not have seeds enclosed within a fruit)
The most numerous and widespread are the conifers (cone bearing)

33. Conifers Cone bearing woody trees and shrubs
Leaves are usually needlelike
Most are evergreen (don’t drop their leaves in the Autumn)
Conifers DO shed their needles, just not all at once – usually 2 to 4 years
Grow in many different environments
600 species (pine, fir, spruce, cedar, hemlock, sequoias
Produce useful products, ie. lumber/paper

34. Typical Conifer Life Cycle
Copy Figure into your notebook

35. Summary of Life Cycle Female cone is closed and sticky with resin
Pollen (from male) lands on the female cone
Meiosis begins and the embryo forms
Once the seed is fully mature, the cone scales open up and the seeds are dispersed via wind, animals, water, etc…..

36. Plant Structure & Development
Like the human body, plants contain many different types of cells, tissues, and organs.
Plants are structurally less complex than animals and have fewer types of cells
A plant is composed of many repeating units (like an apartment)
In seed plants, these units are organs such as leaves, roots, flowers and stems. Each organ acts as a separate unit.
A plant may react to stress by varying the number of its parts

37. Organs of Seed Plants
Seed plants have specialized organs for growth and reproduction
Vegetative organs – roots, stems, and leaves, function in the growth of the plant.
The reproductive organs of seed plants include cones, flowers and fruits

38. ROOTS
Are organs that are specialized to collect water and dissolved minerals
Water is necessary for photosynthesis and metabolism
Anchor the plant and store food
They may extend deep into the ground or far from the plant

39. STEM
The parts of a plant above the soil surface make up the shoot system.
A stem is an organ that conducts water and minerals from the roots to the other parts of the plant
Displays the leaves of the plant to the light
The point on the stem where the leaf is attached is called a node
Store food

40. LEAVES Main food factories of seed plants. Center of photosynthesis
Somewhat flattened to allow maximum collection of light energy
They transport food to the stem to be used by the rest of the plant
Collectively the leaves are called the canopy.

41. Plant Tissues
Roots, stems, leaves, flowers and cones are all composed of tissues
Each type of tissue consists of cells with distinct structures and functions. Some tissues consist of dead cells, whereas other types are living and metabolizing.

43. Plant Tissue
All seed plants have common tissues: meristematic tissue, epidermis, parenchyma, supportive tissue, and vascular tissue.

44. Meristematic Tissue
Plants, unlike animals, continue to grow throughout their lives.
All plant growth originates in meristems.
A meristem is a growing point of a plant consisting of unspecialized cells that are continually dividing and producing new cells.
Meristems at the tip (or apex) of a root or stem are called apical meristems. These cause an increase in the length of a plant body
Another kind of meristem, called the cambium, causes a plant to grow in width.

45. Meristematic Tissue

46. Epidermis A tissue that covers the entire plant body
Helps reduce water loss
Covered by a waxy cuticle (acts like a lip balm)
Do you think the epidermis of roots has a waxy cuticle?

47. Parenchyma Tissue that is generally unspecialized
Serves a variety of functions
Parenchyma cells store sugars and starches
When a plant is wounded, these cells begin to divide to heal the wound
In leaves, some types of parenchyma have chloroplasts and carry on photosynthesis.

48. Vascular Tissue Supports the plant
It conducts food, water and dissolved minerals from one part of the plant to another.
Serves as the plants “plumbing system”
Two types of vascular tissues:
Phloem – transports sugars and starches from one part of a plant to another
Xylem – used for the transport of water and dissolved minerals

49. Heath Text
Continue on Chapter 23 (pg. 376)
Chapter 24 (pg. 394)