1. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Unit 7 Special Populations in Prison

2. Chapter 7 The Clients of Adult Correctional Agencies ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter

3. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Introduction  This chapter will examine:  Different categories of correctional clients  Theoretical bases of operations  Backgrounds and characteristics of clients  Special issues

4. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Overview of Adult Offenders  Adults under supervision have grown over the last two decades  Incarceration rates have attributed to increase

5. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Gender, Race, and Ethnicity  Rate of growth for females grown more rapidly than rate for males  In 2004, 7 percent of prison population were women  The proportion of the prison population that is female is still relatively small  Three of the largest jurisdictions hold more than 1/3 of all female inmates

6. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  In 1997, 60 percent of prison population was white  In 2004, 34.3 percent white, 40.7 percent black, 19.2% Hispanic  Some researchers argue minorities are more involved in crime  Crime linked to poverty, drug use, and lack of economic opportunities Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

7. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Racial disparity–the condition that exists when minorities make up a greater percentage of those under correctional supervision than their makeup in the U.S. population  Law enforcement efforts are always more intense in urban areas with high crime rates and high drug use Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

8. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  In 2002, 8.3 percent of inmates were age 50 and over  Three factors contribute to aging population  Overall U.S. population is aging  Inmates are serving longer sentences  Mandatory sentences and sentencing guidelines reduce discretion of judges  Increase in violent juvenile offenders Age of Offenders

9. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Increase in serious crime  Most significant increase in drug offenders  Sentence length has increased  In 2002, over 300,000 inmates serving 20+ years Types of Offenses and Length of Commitment

10. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Drug offenders–people convicted of crimes regarding the possession or sale of drugs  The most significant increases in the number of prison inmates were for those sentenced for drug and public-order offenses Types of Offenses and Length of Commitment

11. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Male Offenders  Male offenders–men who are convicted and sentenced; men constitute 93 percent of all prison inmates  Males commit the largest proportion of crimes and make up the largest proportion of the correctional population under supervision

12. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Male Offenders and Violence  Males much more linked to violence than women  Males represent over 80 percent of arrests for violent crimes  Violence more likely in male prisons than female institutions

13. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Male Prisoners  General population–the inmates in a prison who do not have any specific designation as a special type of offender  Prison systems planned around males  Majority of adult prisons hold normal male inmates (general population)

14. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Security levels of prisons designed to match physical security, staff resources, programs, and prison operations  Overall goal is to maintain homogeneity of inmates by risk of violence and escape and ensure they are placed in prisons physically designed to meet this need Male Prisoners

15. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Female Offenders  Female offenders–women who are convicted and sentenced  In 1998, women comprised 16 percent of total correctional population  Increase in felony convictions for women

16. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Female Offenders  Female probationers were much more likely than males to have been convicted of drug or property offenses  Recidivism rates for women lower than for males  Predictive factor for recidivism is prior arrest history

17. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Female prison population remained relatively stable from 1925 to 1980s  7 percent of prison population are women  “War on drugs”  Prison sentences shorter than for males Women in Prison

18. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Special Issues and Needs of Female Inmates Some issues facing female inmates differing from those of male inmates include:  Health care  Vocational training and work opportunities  Potential of sexual abuse from staff  Alcohol and drug use  Problems relating to their children

19. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Special Issues and Needs of Female Inmates  Psychological programs  Work programs  Parenting programs  Other programs (transition and aftercare, education, health, and life skills) Many states have programs that they believe are effective in responding to female inmates' needs

20. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Separation from Family and Children  65 percent of women in prison have children under 18  Children placed in foster homes or with maternal grandparents  Incarcerated farther away from their homes  Visits from children are important  Parenting programs

21. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Alcohol and Substance Abuse  Substance abuse programs–programs that help offenders reduce their likelihood of further abuse of alcohol or drugs  Half of female state inmates were using alcohol or drugs at time of their offense  80 percent have severe, long-term problems

22. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Need for Medical Care  Quality medical care is very difficult to provide within a prison  Gynecological care  Pregnancy issues  Health problems stemming from poverty and drug use

23. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Classification Systems for Female Offenders  Overclassification–placement of offenders in prisons more secure than needed for their level of risk  Systems designed for males "overclassify" females  BOP evaluated their system and found they were overclassifying female offenders

24. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Barefield v. Leach–found that state of New Mexico was not providing parity in vocational training and work opportunity for female inmates  Butler v. Reno–federal inmates filed suit for gender discrimination Legal Issues Regarding Parity for Female Inmates

25. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Classification Systems for Female Offenders Pargo v. Elliott–Court ruled that differences in programs for males and females do not necessarily violate the equal protection clause. Five criteria should be used to determine discrimination:  Number of inmates in a prison  Prison security level  Crimes committed by inmates  Length of sentences  Any other special characteristics

26. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Work release  Halfway houses  Pre-release centers  Variety of programs including counseling, vocational, and educational programs Alternatives to Prison for Women Offenders

27. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

28. Chapter 8 The Juvenile Correctional System ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter

29. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Introduction  Juvenile justice system has suffered from lack of consistency with regard to its mission and approach  This chapter will cover the description of the system, its history and creation, and recent developments

30. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Problem of Juvenile Crime  In 2003, 2.2 million juveniles arrested  18 percent reduction in murder arrests since 1999  Crack cocaine and gang activities contributed to increase in juvenile crime between 1980s and 1990s

31. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Problem of Juvenile Crime Status offense–an activity that is considered a crime only because the offender is under age 18 and would not be a crime if committed by an adult. Includes:  Running away from home  Ungovernability  Truancy  Underage drinking

32. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Problem of Juvenile Crime Theories that suggest the reasons for the increase in juvenile violent crime from 1988 to 1994  Emergence of crack cocaine  Expansion of juvenile gang membership

33. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Development of the Juvenile Justice System  Late 18 th century children 7 and older were treated the same as adults  Refuge period–a period from 1824-1899 when delinquent or neglected children were placed in homes for training and discipline

34. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Development of the Juvenile Justice System  Juvenile Court Act (1899) established first juvenile court in Illinois, thus began the juvenile justice system  Parens patriae–a concept established in 1601 to allow officials to take charge of delinquent children and place them in poorhouses and orphanages

35. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Informal system, not adversarial  By 1960s, parens patriae philosophy was challenged  Movement to deinstitutionalize  Since 1980s, "get tough" stance Development of the Juvenile Justice System

36. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Development of the Juvenile Justice System Waiver to adult courts–statutory exceptions granted to allow movement from juvenile to adult courts for criminal processing because of the serious nature of the crime. Other terms:  Certification  Remand  Bind over

37. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Practiced since the 1940s  Discretionary waivers allow transfers on a case-by-case basis  Some laws require mandatory waivers for specific violent crimes Waiver of Juvenile Offenders

38. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Categories of Juvenile Offenders  Dependent children–children who, while committing no legal offense, may be without a parent or guardian, possibly because the parent is mentally unable to act in that capacity

39. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Categories of Juvenile Offenders  Neglected children–have a family or guardian but are not receiving proper care, or are in a situation that is harmful to them and their upbringing  Delinquent children–committed an act that would be considered criminal if committed by an adult

40. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Status offenders–committed acts that are only law violations if committed by a juvenile  Status offenses aren't always a separate category of juvenile offenders  Some states classify status offenders as "incorrigible" or dependent Categories of Juvenile Offenders

41. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Age of original jurisdiction–oldest age a juvenile court will have jurisdiction over categories of offenders Categories of Juvenile Offenders

42. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Many states have statutory exceptions to the age criterion  Statutory exclusion–places a youth under the original jurisdiction of the adult criminal court  Concurrent jurisdiction–places a youth under the original jurisdiction of both the juvenile and criminal courts Categories of Juvenile Offenders

43. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Juvenile Justice Process The goals and philosophies in the juvenile justice system differ from those of the criminal justice system

44. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Steps in the Juvenile Justice Process  Contact with law enforcement, referrals by parents or school officials  Detained for short period  Juvenile detention–the temporary care of children in physically restricted facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency

45. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Intake–conducted by juvenile probation department to determine if sufficient evidence exists to formally process allegation  Consent decree–informal; admits to wrongdoing and follows certain conditions Steps in the Juvenile Justice Process

46. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Referral to juvenile court if cannot be handled informally  Delinquency petition (similar to indictment for adults) may ask court to adjudicate (find guilty) Steps in the Juvenile Justice Process

47. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Steps in the Juvenile Justice Process  Probation or residential placement  In 60 percent of cases, probation was the most severe sanction ordered  Aftercare supervision is similar to parole  The juvenile process is similar to the adult criminal justice system, with distinct terminology

48. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Legal Issues Affecting the Juvenile Justice System  The right to notice of the charges in time to prepare for trial  The right to counsel  The right to confront and cross-examine accusers  The privilege against self-incrimination Kent v. United States (1966)–The Supreme Court ruled that juveniles must have "essentials of due process," including:

49. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Legal Issues Affecting the Juvenile Justice System  In re Gault (1967)–the right to counsel, notice of charges, and question witnesses when faced with incarceration  In re Winship (1970)–“beyond a reasonable doubt” standard  McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)–jury trials not a requirement

50. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Legal Issues Affecting the Juvenile Justice System  Breed v. Jones (1975)–waiver to adult court after adjudication hearing in juvenile court constitutes double jeopardy  Schall v. Martin (1984)–court upheld preventative detention

51. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Juvenile Residential Facilities  Similar to prisons for adult offenders  In 2000, there were 110,284 juveniles confined in 3,061 facilities in the United States  Number of youth committed to residential care is increasing  Residential care usually includes education, vocation training, and substance abuse treatment

52. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Eddings v. Oklahoma (1982)–age of defendant should be mitigating factor when deciding whether to apply death penalty in a capital trial  Sanford v. Kentucky (1989)–minimum age juvenile can receive death penalty is age 16 Death Penalty for Juvenile Offenders

53. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Death Penalty for Juvenile Offenders  In re Stanford (2002)–court refused to revisit juvenile death penalty issue  Roper v. Simmons (2004)–forbid the imposition of the death penalty on offenders under the age of 18 when their crime was committed. Death penalty for juveniles no longer allowed.

54. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Issues in Juvenile Corrections Major concerns within the juvenile justice system  The role played by juvenile gangs in street crime and gang influence in correctional institutions  Breaking the cycle of juvenile substance abuse and involvement in drug crimes

55. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Juvenile Gangs and Juvenile Crime  Juvenile gangs–groups of adolescents who see themselves as a group and have been involved in enough crime to be a concern to law enforcement  Most gangs formed along racial or ethnic lines

56. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Juvenile Gangs and Juvenile Crime  Gangs get involved in crime to make money, intimidate others, protect their turf  Law enforcement attempts to control gangs by suppression and social programs

57. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ) approach since rehabilitation and juvenile accountability approaches separately have not been effective  BARJ is similar to adult drug court programs emphasizing collaborative effort Responding to Juvenile Drug Crime

58. Chapter 9 Special Offenders Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

59. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Introduction  Typical offender in the past was young, in good mental and physical health, convicted of property crimes  Special offenders–circumstances, conditions, or behaviors require management or treatment outside of normal approach

60. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Juvenile Offenders in Adult Criminal Courts  Increase in waiver of juveniles to adult courts in recent years  Three ways juveniles can be transferred:  Waiver  Direct file  Statutory exclusion

61. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Blended sentencing–courts can impose juvenile or adult sentences on certain juvenile offenders  Number of persons held in state prisons under age 18 has increased Juvenile Offenders in Adult Criminal Courts

62. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Three approaches to housing offenders under 18:  Straight adult incarceration  Graduated incarceration  Segregated incarceration Juvenile Offenders in Adult Criminal Courts

63. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drug Offenders  Strong correlation between drug use and criminality  Drug use forecasting studies indicate over 50 percent of incarcerated population tested positive for some type of drug  Not all drug offenders are drug addicts or even abusers

64. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Large portion of state and federal inmates serving time for drug offense  General theory of deviance suggests that those who commit one deviant act (substance abuse) are likely to commit another (criminal behavior)  It’s critical that prisons offer drug treatment Drug Offenders

65. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 BOP five-part treatment strategy  Orientation screening and referral  Drug abuse education  Nonresidential drug abuse treatment services  Residential drug abuse treatment  Transitional services Drug Offenders

66. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drug Offenders  Important to provide drug treatment to offenders on probation  Positive evidence that drug abuse programs reduce levels of re-arrest and other measures of recidivism

67. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Mentally Ill Offenders  Antipsychotic drugs invented in the 1960s, provide humane alternative to treatment  Mentally ill end up in the criminal justice system  10 percent of state prison inmates report a mental or emotional condition

68. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Treatment of mentally ill in prison falls into three categories  24-hour residential care  Therapy and counseling  Psychotropic medications Mentally Ill Offenders

69. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Mentally ill may require higher security institutional placement  More likely to have disciplinary problems  While on community supervision there are similar problems  More likely to recidivate than others Mentally Ill Offenders

70. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Aging Offenders  General population is aging and this trend is evident in prison population as well  Changes in sentencing models also contribute to aging prison population  Statutory lengthening of sentences

71. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Increase in older offender poses problems for prison management  Increase in medical costs  Security, work opportunities, and program issues  Some units have separate housing for aging inmates Aging Offenders

72. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Violent Offenders  In 2002, 50 percent of state inmates were committed for violent offenses  Some inmates not deterred by standard inmate disciplinary process  Supermax prisons developed for extremely violent prisoners

73. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Violent Offenders Bruscino v. Carlson (1985)–Federal court decision that the lockdown of inmates at the U.S. Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, was not a violation of the Constitution

74. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Controversy over supermax prisons  Correctional officials argue they are incentive for good behavior  Inmates and human rights activists state lack of human contact, work opportunities, violate human rights Violent Offenders

75. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sex Offenders  Number of sex offenders under correctional supervision has increased due to:  Public education and increase in reporting these types of crimes  Laws to support and aid victims

76. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Sex offender–commits a legally prohibited sexual act  Statutory rape  Forcible sodomy  Lewd acts with children  Fondling Sex Offenders

77. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Pedophile–person who is sexually attracted to and molests children  47 percent of all violent crime victims do not know their attacker  Only 15 percent of sexual assault victims do not know their assailants Sex Offenders

78. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Treatment  Supervision and surveillance  Polygraph exams Treatment and Management of Sex Offenders Containment model designed to use a triangle of supervision

79. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Five components of the model:  Goal of community and victim safety  Individualized case management  Multidisciplinary approach  Consistent public policies  Quality control component Treatment and Management of Sex Offenders

80. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Recidivism rates not as high for sex offenders compared to other offenders  Rapists on probation have lower rearrest rates than other violent probationers Sex Offender Recidivism

81. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sex Offender Recidivism Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators  The civil commitment and confinement of sexually violent predators is relatively new  Kansas v. Hendricks (1997)–Supreme Court supported the civil commitment of SVP laws, with specific requirements

82. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sex Offender Recidivism  The purpose of civil confinement must be to treat the sex offender  An expectation of:  Comprehensive treatment focused on eventual release  Non-punitive confinement  Frequent mental health status reports Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators

83. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Offenders with Infectious Diseases  Criminal offenders generally come from a high-risk group for infectious diseases  The problem of infectious diseases are often greater than in the general U.S. population

84. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 HIV / AIDS  Rate of AIDS cases for prison population is four times rate of general U.S. population  Greater proportion of female inmates are infected than male inmates  HIV inmates are sometimes housed separately from general prison population

85. Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Overcrowded conditions increase chance of transmittal  To avoid the spread of TB, the CDC recommends:  Identifying, reporting, isolating, and initiating therapy for active cases  Continuity of therapy  Evaluating contacts of TB cases Tuberculosis