1. Speech Or can you hear me now?

2. Linguistic Parts of Speech Phone Phone Basic unit of speech sound Basic unit of speech sound Phoneme Phoneme Phone to discrimination between two speech sounds Phone to discrimination between two speech sounds E.g., /p/ = puh, /g/ = guh, /d/ = duh E.g., /p/ = puh, /g/ = guh, /d/ = duh English: 40 English: 40 Languages range from ~10 (e.g., Tahitian) to ~60 (e.g., Mandinkakan) Languages range from ~10 (e.g., Tahitian) to ~60 (e.g., Mandinkakan)

3. English Phonemes

4. Categorical Speech Phoneme categorization is learned Phoneme categorization is learned Demo – continuum or category? Demo – continuum or category? (say ----stay) (say ----stay) Run Demo Run Demo Infants do not show the same categorical boundary as English speaking adults Infants do not show the same categorical boundary as English speaking adults

5. Phones to Acoustic Features Articulation Articulation Voicing Voicing Voiced (/b/) vs. Unvoiced (/p/) Voiced (/b/) vs. Unvoiced (/p/) Manner Manner Stop (/t/, /p/): air flow stops Stop (/t/, /p/): air flow stops Fricative (/z/, /s/): nasal stop + mouth flow Fricative (/z/, /s/): nasal stop + mouth flow Nasal (/m/, /n/): nasal flow + mouth stop Nasal (/m/, /n/): nasal flow + mouth stop Place Place Labial (/b/) Labial (/b/) In mouth In mouth Alveolar (/d/): behind teeth Alveolar (/d/): behind teeth Interdental (/th/): between teeth Interdental (/th/): between teeth Palatal (/y/): hard palate Palatal (/y/): hard palate Velar (/k/): soft palate Velar (/k/): soft palate

6. Acoustic Features of Articulation Articulators Articulators Vocal tract Vocal tract Correspondence between Articulation & Phoneme Correspondence between Articulation & Phoneme 1 to 1 in isolation 1 to 1 in isolation

7. Speech Spectrogram Formants Formants Bands of energy on speech spectrogram Bands of energy on speech spectrogram Formant transition vs. Steady state formant Formant transition vs. Steady state formant Co-articulation changes articulation Co-articulation changes articulation

8. Real Speech No clear correspondence between phoneme & articulation No clear correspondence between phoneme & articulation 1 to 1 correspondence not possible with real speech 1 to 1 correspondence not possible with real speech

9. Vocal Effort Subglottal pressure as loudness Subglottal pressure as loudness Intensity vs. Articulation gesture Intensity vs. Articulation gesture RUN DEMO RUN DEMO