1. British Government and Politics (JN302) Devolution

2.  1. History of Devolution  2. Scotland  3. Wales  4. Northern Ireland  5. London Lecture Outline

3.  The United Kingdom is a unitary democracy (in contrast to federal democracy).  Statutory transfer of power from central government to the separate nations is known as devolution.  Devolution is a more limited form of autonomy than outright independence. History of Devolution

4.  Status of United Kingdom under pressure from above and below: influence of EU and devolution.  Historical formation of Britain in 1707 with Act of Union between England and Scotland.  Long-standing Scottish, Welsh and Irish nationalism.  Scottish and Welsh nationalist parties formed in 1920s but without much political impact. History of Devolution

5.  Violent Easter Rising of 1916 in Ireland led to formation of Irish Free State in 1921 and Northern Ireland. Continued struggle for Irish independence still informs politics of Northern Ireland.  In 1972 after Bloody Sunday when British paratroopers killed 13 unarmed protesters PM Edward Heath suspended Northern Ireland parliament and Northern Ireland came under direct rule from Westminster.  Good Friday agreement in 1998. Assembly suspended several times but devolved government occurred in 2007.

6.  Differing demands for devolution and asymmetrical implementation of devolved bodies.  1979 referendum on Scottish devolution was lost because even though more people voted yes than no (32.5% vs 30.7%) it did not attract the required 40% electoral support for devolution. In Wales only 12% voted yes and 46% voted no.  Scottish constitutional convention talks in 1989 hammered out plans for devolution. History of Devolution

7.  Former Labor leader John Smith described devolution as “the settled will of the people.”  It was meant to be a block on nationalist ambitions but it hasn’t worked out that way.

8. History of Devolution  After election of New Labour government in 1997 a referendum voted in favour (74%) of a Scottish Parliament which was officially convened on July 1, 1999. Welsh yes vote scraped in.  Labour were the largest party in the first Scottish elections but failed to secure overall majority. Donald Dewar became the initial ‘First Minister’.

9. Scotland  Scottish Parliament: Holyrood  Unicameral  129 MSPs (Members of the Scottish Parliament)  Current First Minister Alex Salmond (leader of the Scottish National Party)  Annual budget approx £29 billion.

10. Devolved powers on day to day issues:  Law & Order  Health  Housing  Education  Environment  Farming & Food Scotland

11. Not devolved:  Foreign affairs & defence  Main economic, fiscal & financial issues  International development  Social Security & employment Scotland

12.  Westminster – 59 MPs represent Scottish constituencies.  Barnett Formula – mechanism for the per capital allocation of public spending across Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.  West Lothian Question: raised by Labour backbencher Tam Dalyell in the 1970s – unfair that Scottish MPs could vote on matters that have no bearing on their own country but directly affect England and Wales, while English and Welsh members have no say over particular issues in Scotland. Scotland

13.  SNP won overall majority in May 2011  In October 2012 there was agreement between Cameron and Salmond on a referendum in 2014 about Scottish independence. Scotland

14.  Referendum Question: Should Scotland be an independent country? Yes/No.  Better Together vs Yes Scotland  Yes campaign release of white paper:  http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/nov/26/sal mond-scottish-independence-white-paper-bargaining http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/nov/26/sal mond-scottish-independence-white-paper-bargaining Scotland

15.  White Paper covers range of issues including:  Trident nuclear weapons, currently based on the Clyde, removed within the first parliament.  Housing benefit reforms, described by critics as the "bedroom tax", to be abolished, and a halt to the rollout of Universal Credit.  It would be in Scotland's interest to keep the pound, while the Bank of England would continue as "lender of last resort".  BBC Scotland replaced at the start of 2017 with a new Scottish broadcasting service, continuing a formal relationship with the rest of the BBC.  Basic rate tax allowances and tax credits to rise at least in line with inflation. Scotland

16.  Debates over what independence would mean for:  EU/Nato membership?  Currency?  Distribution of national debt?  Labour’s chances of holding power in Westminster? Scotland

17.  http://www.scotsman.co m/news/politics/top- stories/scottish- independence-poll-backs- more-devolution-1- 3256693 http://www.scotsman.co m/news/politics/top- stories/scottish- independence-poll-backs- more-devolution-1- 3256693

18.  Useful websites:  http://theconversation.com/scottish-independence-simple-question-but-no-easy-answers- 15316?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+3+July+2013&utm_ content=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+3+July+2013+CID_7083601b7c730a210ce77c23ae3f4e6 f&utm_source=campaign_monitor_uk&utm_term=Scottish%20independence%20simple%20question %20-%20but%20no%20easy%20answers  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/first_time_voter/8589835.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/first_time_voter/8589835.stm  http://www.scotreferendum.com http://www.scotreferendum.com  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-13326310 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-13326310  http://bettertogether.net http://bettertogether.net  http://www.yesscotland.net http://www.yesscotland.net Scotland

19.  Initial support more for preservation of Welsh culture and language than self-government.  New Welsh assembly had weaker powers than Scottish parliament – no tax raising powers, no right to pass primary legislation. Vote in 2011 extended full law making powers over the devolved functions of the Assembly. Wales

20.  Welsh Government and Assembly  Currently Labour-led  First Minister: Carwyn Jones (Lab)  60 AMs (assembly members)  Annual budget: £15.3 bln.

21. Devolved powers on day to day issues:  Health  Education  Social services  Farming & rural issues  Local government  (Unlike Scotland it has no tax-varying powers) Wales

22. Northern Ireland  Northern Ireland Assembly in Stormont led by First Minister & Deputy: Peter Robinson (Democratic Unionist Party) & Martin McGuinness (Sinn Fein) – equal power.  They preside over Executive Committee (= Cabinet)  35 DUP MLAs; 27 Sinn Fein MLAs  108 MLAs (Members of the Legislative Assembly)

23.  Powers established by 1998 Good Friday Agreement. Transferred powers on:  Health, education, social security, environment, farming  Policing and criminal law Non-transferred powers on:  Taxation, foreign and defence policy Northern Ireland

24. Current issues:  Polarised leadership  Continuing sectarian violence  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk- northern-ireland-25067081 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk- northern-ireland-25067081  Pressures for further transfer of powers  Scandal over pardons granted to IRA suspects:  http://www.theguardian.com/politic s/2014/feb/27/northern-ireland-crisis- ira-fugitives-lord-trimble http://www.theguardian.com/politic s/2014/feb/27/northern-ireland-crisis- ira-fugitives-lord-trimble

25. London  1998 Greater London Authority Referendum  Mayor of London: Boris Johnson  Runs Greater London Authority  London Assembly with 25 AMs (Assembly Members)  Budget approx. £3 billion  Financed mainly by central government grants and by charge added to every Londoner’s council tax bill  32 London Boroughs

26. Mayor & Greater London Authority, limited Powers:  Policing  Transport  Regeneration & Development  Olympics/cultural Events  Acts as“Ambassador” of London London Assembly:  Scrutinises and questions Mayor’s policies and actions London