1. Welcome to BioPhysics 401 & Physics 475
Understanding biology using “simple” ideas from physics.
with an emphasis on single-molecule biophysics
You’ve (hopefully) made a good choice!
Course Info: T, Th, 9:30 am-10:50 pm, 136 LLP
Your host:
Professor Paul Selvin; Office: 365 Loomis
Office Hr: after class : 11-12:00pm on Tuesday.
(office)
Your co-hosts:
Marco Tjioe: Biophysics student (Taught this several years).
328 Loomis:
Huseyin Tas: Biophysics student (Took course a last year).
328 Loomis:
TA Office Hrs: either
Sunday & Monday 6-7 pm, Rm 32 LLP if HW is due Tues.
or Tues. (rm 271 LLP) & Wed. (136 LLP) 6-7 pm if HW is due Th. 
HW due 1 week from date of assignment
On Homework, work together!
Turn in separate HWs.
All Lecture Notes, assignments…
physics.illinois.edu/courses/
Then Physics 475

2. Goals of course Some guest lecturers– people doing the stuff!
1. Learn some basic molecular biology.
DNA (PCR, sequencing)
Proteins... can do everything!
2. Learn how to apply basic physics to biology.
Mechanics, Electricity & Light, Statistical Mechanics
(Example today – What planets are life possible on?)
3. Learn about/type problems biophysicists work on.
Biology...
Molecular motors (chemical  mechanical)
Ion Channels (chemical Ion Gradients electrical)
Nerves (the physical underpinnings of memory)
Photosynthesis (light  electricalchemical energy)
Stochastic Nature of gene expression,
Magnetic Navigation, Vision...
4. Learn“back of the envelope”type calculations.
Example today: Strength of animals
5. Learn experimental (bio)physics
How to measure (nm distances, pN forces),
Single molecules (Fluorescence, Optical &
Magnetic Traps), Patch Clamp Techniques
Some guest lecturers– people doing the stuff!
Klaus Schulten, TJ Ha, Yann Chemla, Tom Kuhlman

3. Course Information P475/ BP401 Introduction to Biological Physics
You’ve (hopefully) made a good choice!
Prerequisites
Interest in getting a semi-quantitative view of biology using physical tools/idea.
This is a diverse crowd, some bio-, some physicists,
½ undergrads, ½ grad.
Minimal bio required.
Do the reading & listen to lectures to:
learn basics of bio, chem, stat mech.
Physics 111, 112 (or equivalent), basic calculus
Some knowledge of Statistical Mechanics.

4. Will present new topics w old topics to keep it interesting.
Ex: “Old” Topic: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology:
DNA RNA Proteins. (Read this week’s homework.)
Interesting (new) variant: (my lectures)
DNA pre-mRNA  mRNA  Proteins
(more later).
Why little worm (19,735 genes) has as
many genes as a human (~21k)!
1 mm____

5. No one textbook, although web pages etc.
Required Reading
No one textbook, although web pages etc.
At nih.gov, there are several books for free.
(Can read but can’t browse)
1st homework: Read Chpt 1 of Berg et al..
Learn DG, (Free energy); DS, (Entropy);
Types and strength of bonds

6. Ready to put your thinking caps on? Typical calculations…

7. If T > 0 ºK, what proportion of particles will be in E1, Eo?
Boltzman factor + Partition function (review of basic Stat. Mech. – see Kittel, Thermal Physic)s E1 E0
Temp, T
If T = 0 ºK, what proportion of particles will be in E1, Eo?
Answer: Eo= 1 E1 = 0
If T > 0 ºK, what proportion of particles will be in E1, Eo?
J= represents jth state
Z = partition function

8. Partition Function for 2-state system
State 0: Energy E0
State 1: Energy E1
Simple case: Ball in gravitational field.
Thermal fluctuations, finite probability of being at height, h.
E = ??
As ball gets smaller, probability gets smaller / larger ?
“Ball” the size of O2? Why can you breathe standing up?
What is 1/e height for O2?
For O2, 1/e height is ~10 km ~height of Mt. Everest.
(10 kM is “death zone”)
Probability of dying if you go over 20,000 ft is 10% for every trip!!

10. (may be modified slightly if changes to course )
Grading
(may be modified slightly if changes to course )
Grading
30%: written Homework : (about 9 total; drop lowest 1):
(You CANNOT drop the last homework!)
Work together, but turn in separately.
Hand in at start of class– in class! (Do not be late.)
5% in-class (occasional) Quizzes:
20%: 10 pg. Written Report:
(double-spaced, figures and references are in addition).
15% on midterm exam
20% on final exam
10% on classroom participation /class evaluation
The Written Projects will be on a research paper you choose from the literature (ideally from Science, Nature, Cell). You will have to explain it for a literate, intelligent reader (like a reader of Scientific American). You will have to choose, in addition to the original research article, a general review article on the subject, and usually, a general textbook/web-site, must be cited/read by you.

11. Not allowed! You will flunk the course.
Plagiarism
Not allowed! You will flunk the course.
In written project…
Something has always been written…
(unless you have truly come up with something new.)
Usually what’s written will be clearer than you can write it.
But you want to independently understand it.
And show me that you independently understand it.
So…
Read book/article, then close it,
Then write your own version. This way you know you understand it, and can explain it in your own words.
Also, when you “steal” a picture from somewhere, write in your paper where you got it from. A picture is worth a thousand words, but give credit where due.

12. Yes, you get to evaluate class! Three (or 4) questions:
1. What was the most interesting thing you learned in class today?
2. What are you confused about?
3. Related to today’s subject, what would you like to know more about?
4. Any helpful comments.
Answer, and turn in at the end of class.
(I’ll give you ~5 minutes.)
I’ll typically start class with some of your questions.

13. Physics is about great laws
Some examples…
Newton’s three Laws
(Mechanics)
Isaac Newton,
Maxwell’s four Equations
(Electricity & Magnetism)
James Clerk Maxwell
Erwin Schrödinger
Schrodinger’s Eq’n
(Quantum Mechanics)

14. Does Biology have any great theories/laws?
Charles Darwin, Age 51, 1860, On the Origin of Species
Evolution
-- Life evolved from simpler forms
--One of the best tested scientific theories around
Evolution is a series of tricks/random events
Build complex beings from simpler parts
Often many ways of doing this
Our life form is just one.

15. Difference between Physics, Biology and Biophysics
Physics: understand inanimate (non-living) objects
Typically quantitatively (math)
E.g. how much do things attract
Experiment likely fitting into theory
Biology: understand animate (living) objects
Typically qualitatively (math)
Things attract
Experiment Theory difficult
Biophysics: understand animate (living) objects
Typically semi-qualitatively (math)
Order of magnitude estimation
(Emphasis will not be on math, but will be expected to know basic Calculus– see handout.
Experiment w Theory sometimes possible

16. What is Life? (with a few sidetracks)
Animate vs. Inanimate…Why your puppy is different than a rock, despite they’re both made of atoms which obey the same physical laws
Grow (but so can a lot of things, like a rock)
4 things: A living system can:
2. Consume energy from environment
(but so can a lot of things, like a rock heating up)
Earth/Us: All energy comes from the sun  photons.
Plants use photosynthesis to convert photons into chemical energy, namely ATP; animals eat plants (and other animals)
1um photon = 1 eV
500 nm photon = 2.48eV ~ 10 kBT (kBT = 0.26 eV at 300K.
1 ATP= kBT or about 2 photons.
Chemical energy of ATP ~ 2 photons of energy
Small unit of energy
Can you calculate this?
How much energy in ATP?
How much energy in a photon?

17. What is Life? Living things can 1) Grow, 2) Consume energy
4 characteristics
Living things can 1) Grow, 2) Consume energy
3) Reproduce
But there are exceptions to these:
A dog (or person) which is sterilized is considered to be still alive.
Mule (= offspring of a donkey and horse) can’t reproduce, but still is alive.
A Virus can’t reproduce without hijacking bacterial molecules. Is it alive?
4) Die
You stop living..., but not much of a definition for living to say living is not to die.
If you apply these ideas to species (a species is a group that can mate with others of its own group), things work out better.

18. What is Life? (This slide is a sidetrack!)
Tri-P: lots of negative charge
held tightly together
ATP
F = kq1q2/r2
Adenine = recognition
Ribose = handle
Adenosine = Adenine + ribose  recognition
You should be able to calculate how much energy there is!
Will have to take into account E, S (entropy)
You eat sugar, proteins, etc., and make ATP.
1 glucose (sugar) = 36 molecules of ATP
Process: called cellular respiration, largely done in the Mitochondria. Needs oxygen to be efficient: why we breathe in oxygen.
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation are parts of cellular respiration.
Amount of energy for 1 molecule of ATP?
(much less than sugar!)
Usually express energy in units of kBT,
Often in pN-nm: picoNewton - nanometers
Recall that N-m = force x distance = Work or energy

19. How much energy is in ATP (still sidetrack)
1 ATP = kBT = pN-nm
1 kBT = 4 pN-nm
kB = 1.38 × m2 kg s-2 K-1 (ouch!)
kBT = the amount of energy that a “simple” molecule has at temp T (more later)
Note: T in absolute temperature, i.e. Kelvin
We often use pN-nm as units of energy.
Energy = force x distance = newtons x meters
KB = constant relating the absolute temperature & k.e. contained in each molecule of an ideal gas
If you prefer: 1 mole (6.0 x 1023 molecules = NA)
where NA = Avogado’s number
1 mole of gas has 1RT of energy
R= N x kB ATP = has RT of energy
Imagine you have a little “car”, also called a molecular motor, which (naturally) uses ATP to do its work in a cell.

20. Homework Read Chapter 1 by Berg On web-site under HW 1.
Have it read by next Tuesday.
Expect a 10 minute quiz covering main topics
Thursday will assign Homework Set #1
On web-site under HW 1.
(PDF is there.)

21. Evaluate class
1. What was the most interesting thing you learned in class today?
2. What are you confused about?
3. Related to today’s subject, what would you like to know more about?
4. Any helpful comments.
Put your name in upper right-corner.
Then tear off your name before turning in. (That way you can be brutally honest!)
Answer, and turn in at the end of class.
(I’ll give you ~5 minutes.)