2. Chapter 3 Communities and Biomes Part 1

3. Ecosystem: interactions among populations in a community  Consists of:  A community of organisms  The soil, water, and weather  Energy

4. Biome - a major ecosystem that shares the same type of climate and has similar life forms. 1.Salt water 2.Freshwater 3.Estuary 4.Terrestrial

5. Tundra Permafrost - permanently frozen ground Plants - short roots; fast growing; perennials. Animals have thick fur / body fat / coloration.

6. Taiga / Coniferous Forest Conifers - cone-bearing trees / bending branches / needles as leaves. Animals also have thick fur / body fat.

7. Desert Most desert animals are nocturnal. Estivation - sleeping during hot days. Plants have waxy leaves / spines.

8. Grasslands Most animals have good vision and speed. Plants have underground stems / survive fires.

9. Temperate / Deciduous Forest Broad-leaved trees lose their leaves yearly. Some birds migrate.

10. Tropical Rain Forest Arboreal - tree-dwelling animals Trees / Plants: 1. Canopy 2. Understory 3. Ground

11. Adaptation: the process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment.  Coloration  Speed  Migration  Thick fur  Chemical defenses  Hibernation/ Estivation  Size  Thorns and stickers

12. CLIMATOGRAM - Measures two things:  Average Temperature  Average Precipitation

14. Chapters 3-4 Communities and Biomes / Population Part 2

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16. Succession: changes over time  Primary succession – new land caused by avalanches, volcanoes, and glaciers

17. Succession: changes over time  Pioneer species – first species in an area

18. Succession: changes over time  Climax community – shows little or no change over time  Secondary succession – sequence of life after natural disasters (ex. Forest fires) 1988 forest fire in Yellowstone Nat’l Park

20. Population Dynamics  Exponential Growth - as a population gets larger, it also grows faster. (p 97)  Carrying capacity - the maximum number of organisms that an environment can support (p 98).

21. Limiting factors: Factors that affect an organism’s ability to survive.  Density dependent factors:  Disease  Competition  Parasites  Food & water  Space

22. Density independent factors (abiotic factors):  Temperature  Storms  Floods  Drought  Habitat disruption (logging, burning, draining swamps, moving in exotic species)

23. Demography - human population growth  Immigration - moving in  Emigration - moving out  Growth rate  Natality - birth rate  Fatality - death rate