1. Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms (一)
live → lived (add d), living (drop e, and add ing)
2. + ed
join → joined, help → helped
3. ends in a consonant (子音) + y → 去 y + ied
study → studied, studying worry → worried, worrying
(play → played, playing)
4. one syllable, ends in one vowel (母音)+ one consonant
hop → hopped, hopping plan → planned, planning

2. Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms (二)
5. the second syllable(音節) of a two-syllable verb is
stressed and ends in one vowel + one consonant
(兩音節的字重音落在第二音節，字尾是1個子音+1個母音)
prefer → preferred, preferring (pre`fe(母音) r (子音)
admit → admitted, admitting
(elect → elected, electing visit → visited, visiting)
(offer → offered, offering)
6. –ie
die → died, dying (change the ie to y and add ing)

3. Pronunciation of –ed Endings
/ t / after voiceless sounds :
/ k /, / p /, / f /, / s /, / ʃ / , / tʃ /
talked, stopped, hissed, washed, watched
/ d / after voiced sounds:
/ l /, / n /, / v /, /b /
called, rained, lived, robbed, stayed
/ Id / after / t / and / d / sounds:
waited, needed

4. Past Simple 1.For an action which happened at a definite time in
the past. Then time is stated, already known or
implied.
He went on a picnic last Sunday.
They had a great time.
(The time is already known.)
2.For actions which happened immediately one after
the other in the past.
First, he read the message, Then, he called his boss.

5. 3. For past habits or states which are now finished
3.For past habits or states which are now finished. In such cases we can also use the expression used to.
He took a walk every morning.
= He used to walk every morning.
4. For past experience
Did you ever hear of such a thing?
= Have you ever heard of such a thing?
I never saw such a pretty girl as she.
= I have never seen such a pretty girl as she.
5. To talk about the lives of people who are no longer alive.
Marilyn Monroe starred in a number of successful films.

6. Past Continuous
1. For the action which was in progress at a states time in
the past. We do not mention when the action started or
finished.
He was watching TV at nine o’clock last night.
2. For an action which was in progress when another action
interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action
in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the
action which interrupted it (shorter action).
I was doing my homework when she telephoned me last night.

7. 3. For two or more simultaneous past actions.
She was steering the boat while he was playing
the guitar.
4. To describe the atmosphere, the setting, etc. in the
introduction to a a story before we describe the
main events.
Todd and Emily were riding through the forest.
The sun was shining and the birds were singing.
5. For past habits
In those days he was always smoking.

8. used to
used to + infinitive ( 動詞原形) :
( refer to past habits or states; can be replaced by the past simple with no difference in meaning)
He used to go out a lot when he was younger.
= He went out a lot when he was younger.
Did she use to spend a lot of money when she was
single?
= Did she spend a lot of money when she was

9. be / get used to be / get used to + noun / pronoun / -ing
They are used to hot weather.
We weren’t used to it.
I’m used to getting up early.
Mary is getting used to life in the city.
They will get used to cooking their own meals.

10. Past Simple & Present Perfect
※ Compare
Kate Steele wrote her first novel in 1970.
Kate Steel has written a lot of successful novels.
George Barns was a basketball player for ten years. (He is no longer a basketball player. He is a coach)
George Barns has worked /has been working as a waiter for fifteen years. (He is still a waiter today.)

11. Past Perfect
1. For an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past.
They had already reserved the table when they went to the restaurant.
＊If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear. The simple past may be used.
Sam had left before Ann got there.
= Sam left before Ann got there.
After the guests had left, I went to bed.
= After the guests left, I went to bed.

12. Past Perfect
2. For an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past.
Bill had injured his legs in a car accident, so he had to use a wheelchair for six months.

13. Past Perfect & Present Perfect
※Compare
He had broken his leg, so he couldn’t walk.
(The action ‘had broken’ happened in the past, and the result ‘couldn’t walk’ was visible in the past, too.)
He has broken his leg, so he can’t walk.
(The action ‘has broken’ happened in the past, and the result ‘can’t walk’ is still visible in the present.)

14. Past Perfect Continuous
1.To put emphasis on the duration of an action which
started and finished in the past before another past
action or a stated time in the past, usually with
since or for
They had been skating together for five years before they entered the competition.
2.For an action which lasted for some time in the past
and whose result was visible in the past
She had been working hard that day, so she was tired.

15. Past Perfect Continuous
＊express an action in progress close in time to another action or time in the past.
When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming.
I went to Jane’s house after the funeral. Her eyes were red because she had been crying.

16. Past Perfect Continuous & Present Perfect Continuous
※Compare
He had been waiting for hours, so he was bored.
(The action ‘had been waiting’ lasted for some time in the past, and the result ‘was bored’ was visible in the past.)
He has been waiting for hours, so he is bored.
(The action ‘has been waiting’ started in the past, and the result ‘is bored’ is still visible in the present.)

17. Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect
For actions which happened immediately one after the other in the past
Last Monday, Lisa and her husband fed the children when he came home.
A past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it
Last Tuesday, Lisa was feeding the children when her husband came home.
An action which happened before another past action
Last Friday, Lisa had already fed the children when her husband came home.