1. The Age of Exploration Braving the “Sea of Darkness” 1000-1650 A.D.

2. We have studied many important explorers and their voyages… Now it is your turn to be the explorer!

3. Our goals for today: Recognize that travel in 1500 was very different than it is today. Expand our knowledge about what it took to prepare for a successful sea voyage. Use our knowledge about the Age of Exploration. Have fun!

4. Your assignment … Take out your notebook and a pen or pencil. Listen carefully to my lecture about ocean voyages. Do not worry about writing everything down, but be ready to write down information when you see a:

5. First things first Getting into the mindset of a 16 th century explorer…

6. Many myths existed that told the dangers of the sea

7. You no longer have access to knowledge of the 21 st century. You must rely on 16 th century knowledge.

8. You will not be traveling by airplane…

9. Or by modern boat…

10. You will not have the benefits of modern cartography.

11. Or modern navigational equipment. Cockpit of airplane

12. You will travel as explorers did in the 16 th century.

13. This is the world as you know it. Cantino - 1502

14. Compare the two globes. What differences do you see? 1507 Present day

15. Things to consider before departing on you voyage: 1. Destination 2. Home country 3. Course 4. Motive 5. Vessel 6. Crew 7. Navigational equipment 8. Provisions

16. 1. Destination What is your destination? China? India? The New World? Africa?

17. 2. Home Country Where are you sailing from? Spain Portugal England France The Netherlands Italy

18. Map of Europe in 1500

19. 3. Course How do you plan to get where you want to go? Will you sail due west? Will you travel around the tip of Africa? Will you search for the Northwest Passage?

20. Caveri 1504-05 Don’t forget… this is the world as you know it.

21. You will need to pay attention to the way ocean currents and trade winds may influence routes. Movie

22. 4. Motive Why are you braving the “Sea of Darkness?” What is your goal? To find a shorter trade route to China and India? To discover great riches? To spread Catholicism? To discover new lands?

23. 5. Vessel What ship will you take on your voyage? In 1500, the two most popular choices were the Nao and the Caravel. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?

24. Nao Strengths: Large Lots of cargo space Weaknesses: Slower Not easily navigated Example: Santa Maria

25. Caravel Strengths: Rudders and sails to steer – even against the wind Faster Weaknesses: Less cargo space Example: Nina and Pinta

26. 6. Crew You will have a crew of 30 people. Who would you want to be on your crew? A cook? A doctor? A navigator? A cartographer? Crewmembers?

27. Importance of crewmembers Sailing a ship requires a lot of manpower (women did not accompany men on voyages until colonies were being established). Operating sails Emptying bilge, or water that collects at the bottom of the ship

28. 7. Navigational Equipment The King and Queen who are sponsoring your voyage only have a limited amount of money. You will need to choose which navigational instruments to bring with you. You can choose one or two of the following: an astrolabe a magnetic compass a quadrant How will you decide which to bring?

29. Astrolabe Strengths: Measures latitude based on the position of the stars or sun when they are due North. Weaknesses: Cannot measure longitude. 4-5 degrees error.

30. Magnetic Compass Strengths: Detects due North. Helps sailors to be guided by Pole Star.Pole Star Weaknesses: Wire drawn by large land masses. Wire can lose its magnetic charge.

31. Polaris – The North Star

32. Quadrant Strengths Determines latitude. Used Pole Star as point of reference. Weaknesses Less accurate near equator as Pole Star changes position in the sky.

33. 8. Provisions Your journey is expected to last two months. What provisions, or supplies, will you need for your crew of 30 people? Remember, your voyage is taking place in the year 1500 – refrigeration has not been invented yet.

34. One sailor’s account of the food “In order to rest from fighting We have with our meals Dried beans and rancid bacon Vinegar instead of wine Already rotten biscuit And camphor every morning.”

35. Items to consider… Food (common items) Drinking water Pickled or dried meats Dried beans Dried peas Biscuits Oatmeal Butter Salt Suet (beef fat) Vinegar Beef tongues Supplies: Medical supplies Hygienic supplies Blankets Items to trade Tools Weapons

36. You are now prepared to begin planning your voyage! Good Luck! Buenos suertes!

37. Assignment You will work in assigned groups of three or four. You will be the captains of the ship - responsible for completing one itinerary, or plan, for your collective voyage. As a class, we will discuss your itineraries and evaluate whether or not they sound like they would be successful.

38. Find your group and start planning! Board Door 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (Groups 7 and 8 will work in the hall.)