1. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing Signing Plan Design (At-Grade) June 20, 2012

2. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing2 From Traffic Signs 101 Course As stated in the MN MUTCD and Traffic Signs 101, in order for traffic signs to be effective, they should meet the following basic requirements: 1.Fulfill a need. 2.Command attention. 3.Convey a clear, simple meaning. 4.Command respect of road users. 5.Give adequate time for proper response.

3. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing3 At-Grade Signing

4. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing4 From Traffic Signs 101 Five basic considerations are employed to ensure the basic requirements are met: –Design – size, color, shape Command attention, convey clear message –Placement – Within 20° cone of vision Command attention, adequate response time –Operation – uniformity and consistency Fulfill need, command respect, adequate response time –Maintenance – retain legibility and visibility, remove Command attention and respect, fulfill needs –Uniformity – similar devices for similar situations Fulfill needs, command respect

5. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing5 Functional Classifications of Traffic Signs (Traffic Signs 101) Regulatory Signs –inform highway users of traffic laws or regulations and indicate the applicability of legal requirements that would not otherwise be apparent.

6. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing6 Functional Classifications of Traffic Signs (Traffic Signs 101) 6-4.03 Functional Classifications of Traffic Signs –Warning Signs Used to call attention to hazardous conditions, actual or potential, on or adjacent to a highway or street, that would not be readily apparent to the motorist.

7. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing7 Functional Classifications of Traffic Signs (Traffic Signs 101) 6-4.03 Functional Classifications of Traffic Signs –Guide Signs Used to provide directions to motorists, informing them of intersecting routes, directing them to cities and other important destinations, and guiding them to available services, points of interest, and other geographic, recreational, or cultural sites.

8. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing8 Functional Classifications of Traffic Signs (Traffic Signs 101) Signing Priorities –When signs compete for the same physical space, need to determine priorities Regulatory Signs (location specific) Warning Signs Regulatory Signs (nonlocation specific) Guide Signs Motorist Services Traffic generator signs General information signs Source: Traffic Control Devices Handbook, Ch. 5 (ITE, 2001) Excerpt is located in Appendix A of Course Manual

9. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing9 Department Classification by Sign Design Type (Traffic Signs 101) Type A –Large, breakaway –Guide, directional, or information signs –Normally installed on mainline freeways, expressways, and occasionally on highways –Wide-flange steel posts

10. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing10 Department Classification by Sign Design Type (Traffic Signs 101) Type C –Primarily regulatory, warning, route marker, and auxiliary signs –Found in the Standard Signs Manual –Typically installed by MnDOT crews –U-posts

11. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing11 Department Classification by Sign Design Type (Traffic Signs 101) Type D –Guide, destination, or informational signs –Smaller than Type A –Supported on Driven U-posts Overhead structures

12. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing12 6-4.06 Sign Design Type Classification Support for Type C & D Signs –spliced or single U-posts driven into subsoil Unsupported length and sign panel area determines number of U-posts and need for stringers and/or an A-Frame (knee bracing). –attached to bridge railings utilizing "O" posts –banded to traffic signal pedestals or mast arm

13. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing13 6-4.06 Sign Design Type Classification Sign Panels –Type C Signs sheet aluminum with direct-applied reflectorized or screen-processed legend Punching is specified in the Standard Signs Manual

14. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing14 6-4.06 Sign Design Type Classification Sign Panels –Type D Signs Same as Type C but may require splice plates as specified in the Standard Signs Manual

15. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing15 6-4.06 Sign Design Type Classification Traffic Signal Mast Arm Signs –These signs are designed specifically for mounting on mast arms –Signs are limited in size due to wind loading factors

16. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing16 6-4.06 Sign Design Type Classification Figure 6.24

17. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing17 6-4.07 Lateral Offset and Vertical Clearance Requirements Type C & D – Urban Areas –Typical Speed < 45 mph

18. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing18 6-4.07 Lateral Offset and Vertical Clearance Requirements Type C & D – Rural Areas –Typical Speed > 45 mph

19. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing19 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 1.Utilities & Underground Traffic Control Components Care should be exercised in the installation of signs with respect to underground and in-place overhead utilities. Also, signal cables, interconnect, and surveillance Gopher State One-Call must be notified 48 hours in advance.

20. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing20 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 2.Sign Groupings Traffic signs of different functional classification should not be mixed in a given sign installation. –e.g. Warning Sign plus Guide Sign May be exceptions in urban areas due to limited space

21. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing21 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 3.Spacing of Signs - General Signs in a series must be uniformly spaced so that "a driver traveling at normal speed has adequate time to make the proper response (MN MUTCD, Section 1A-2). As a rule of thumb for guide signs, every one inch of capital letter text height is equivalent to 40 feet of legibility distance.

22. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing22 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 3.Spacing of Signs – Rural Areas Spacing should not be less than the distance required to read each sign at the upper range of anticipated vehicle approach speeds –T-intersection –4-leg intersection –Local Road Signing

23. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing23 Approaching Intersection Departing Intersection T-Intersection

24. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing24 4-Leg Intersection

25. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing25 Local Road

26. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing26 6-4.06 Sign Design Type Classification Traffic Signal Mast Arm Signs

27. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing27 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 3.Spacing of Signs – Urban Areas Space signs in urban areas at the minimum desirable distances indicated below: –100 feet in speed zones up to and including 35 mph –150 feet in speed zones 40 mph or greater

28. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing28 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 3.Spacing of Signs – Double Signing If sign spacing approaches the minimum desirable distance, double signing (right and left shoulder) may be utilized. Double signs should also be used if the number of traffic conflicts is high.

29. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing29 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 5.Windloading All ground-mounted and overhead signs shall be designed for a 50-year mean occurrence interval, which results in (90 mph) wind speeds for Minnesota.

30. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing30 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings Assuming an average distance of 10 feet from the bottom of the sign panel to the ground line, the correct sign structure design and post spacing can be determined by using the charts in Charts 6-2, 6-3, and 6-4.

31. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing31 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings –Determine the total length of the sign panel. –Determine the height of the sign panel or add the heights of all of the individual sign panels to be mounted on the same sign structure. –Based upon these dimensions (in inches), select either Chart 6.2 or Chart 6.3, depending upon the mass of the U-posts to be used for the sign structure. –Typically use Chart 6.2 (3 lb. posts)

32. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing32 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings Determine support system for a 36 x 36 STOP sign

33. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing33

34. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing34 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings –After determining the correct number of riser posts to be used for the sign structure, refer to the punch codes in the Standard Signs Manual for the spacing from center to center of posts.Standard Signs Manual –If there is no punch code, then refer to Chart 6-4 to determine riser post (center to center) spacing.

35. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing35 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings Post Spacing = c + c = 12 + 12 = 24

36. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing36 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings If no punch codes available in the Standard Signs Manual (e.g., guide sign), use Chart 6.4 On a sign assembly with 3 or more riser posts, the posts shall be spaced at least 45 inches on center. This criteria also applies separately to the A-Frame (knee bracing).

37. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing37 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings –One riser post may be used in lieu of two in certain situations –Rocky soils where holes are drilled –Concrete sidewalk or median –Protected area with low wind speeds –Urban location –Other locations where impractical

38. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing38 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings Sign structures using U-posts shall be assembled according to the details shown in Figures 6.3A and 6.3B.

39. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing39 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices

40. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing40 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices

41. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing41 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings Type C & D Sign Post Length Determination –See Sheet in Appendix C –Heights 1, 2 & 3

42. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Operations General Principles of Traffic Signing42 6-4.08 Sign Installation and Maintenance Practices Sign Installation Practice 6.A-Frame & U-Post Mountings Post Lengths = (1) + (2) + (3) = 36 + 7 + 3.5 = 13.5 14.0