1. EDUC 529 BUILDING COMMUNITIES: EDUCATION BEYOND THE CLASSROOM “ Learning in Places” Research Methodologies By Gabriel Kemp

2. Introduction “Learning in Places” discusses various issues and concepts relating to informal learning in diverse settings. Various research methodologies are used. Most methodologies are qualitative but some quantitative studies are included.

3. Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1- Beyond Curriculum-Fostering Associational Life in SchoolsBeyond Curriculum-Fostering Associational Life in Schools Chapter 2- Dialogic Inquiry in Classroom and Museum- Actions, Tools, and TalkDialogic Inquiry in Classroom and Museum- Actions, Tools, and Talk Chapter 3- A new Angle on Families- Connecting the Mathematics of Life with School MathematicsA new Angle on Families- Connecting the Mathematics of Life with School Mathematics Chapter 4- Identity and Agency in Non-school and School WorldsIdentity and Agency in Non-school and School Worlds Chapter 5- Schools Invasion of After-School –Colonization, Rationalization or expansion of Access?Schools Invasion of After-School –Colonization, Rationalization or expansion of Access? Chapter 6- Parent-Child Conservations about Science and Literacy-Links between Formal and Informal LearningParent-Child Conservations about Science and Literacy-Links between Formal and Informal Learning Chapter 7- Cultural Teaching and Learning-Processes, Effects, and Development of Apprenticeship SkillsCultural Teaching and Learning-Processes, Effects, and Development of Apprenticeship Skills Chapter 8- ”This is our School of Citizenship”- Informal Learning in Local Democracy”This is our School of Citizenship”- Informal Learning in Local Democracy Chapter 9- Culture Matters-Informal Science Centers and Cultural ContextsCulture Matters-Informal Science Centers and Cultural Contexts Chapter 10- Informal Learning-Conceptual Distinctions and Preliminary FindingsInformal Learning-Conceptual Distinctions and Preliminary Findings Chapter 11- ”Dancing with Words”- Narrative on Formal Education”Dancing with Words”- Narrative on Formal Education Chapter 12- Images of Time and Place in the Narrative of Nonformal PedagogyImages of Time and Place in the Narrative of Nonformal Pedagogy Chapter 13- Self Educating Communities- Collaboration and Learning through the InternetSelf Educating Communities- Collaboration and Learning through the Internet Chapter 14- Situating geniusSituating genius

4. Chapter 1 Beyond Curriculum-Fostering Associational Life in Schools Author: Mark K. Smith Conversational and associational learning environments support informal learning and creating these informal learning environments in formal education would benefit overall learning Possible FindingsContextApplicationsMethodology Table of Contents Introduction Next Chapter(2)

5. Beyond Curriculum-Fostering Associational Life in Schools Methodology Survey research of informal educators Literature Review-Meta Analysis of multiple case studies Context Historical Analysis of UK School System focusing on Table of Contents Introduction Next Chapter(2)

6. Beyond Curriculum-Fostering Associational Life in Schools Possible Findings Informal Educators are the link between formal education and society Promoting groups/teams in informal settings can enhance learning Curriculum should be de-emphasized as the central feature of education Classroom teachers should understand the importance of associations, relationships, connections that are a focus of informal educators “Vocabulary of Hope”-strive for improvement even if it seems complex Applications Improvement of informal learning within formal learning environments Can be utilized in teacher training, Pro-D Table of Contents Introduction Next Chapter(2)

7. Chapter 2 Dialogic Inquiry in Classroom and Museum- Actions, Tools, and Talk Author: Doris Ash and Gordon Wells Conversations and interactions can support learning in both formal and informal learning settings Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of Contents Previous Chapter(1) Next Chapter(3)

8. Dialogic Inquiry in Classroom and Museum- Actions, Tools, and Talk Methodology Qualitative Analysis of dialogue Museum- video and audio recordings of exhibit conversations and pre/post visit interviews Classroom- transcripts of classroom dialogue Context Museum- examines visits by families Families chosen on the basis of children’s age(s), # of children, availability for interview and interest- eg: Exhibit- Computer interactive display on evolution Classroom- Typical classroom setting- 1 teacher and 25-30 students eg: Class-8-9 year olds- Lesson: Conservation of Mass Differences in settings- # of settings participants, kind of setting, mediation, context, time Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(1) Next Chapter(3)

9. Dialogic Inquiry in Classroom and Museum- Actions, Tools, and Talk Possible Findings Both settings showed similar characteristics of collaborative knowledge building-utilize productive collaborative Dialogue activities “Social constructivist” theory valuable in formal and informal settings Applications Table of Contents Learning environments should reflect the best learning practices of socio-cultural activity theory (Dialogic Inquiry) All learning environments should help assist building the zone of proximal development through collaborative dialogue Previous Chapter(1) Next Chapter(3)

10. Chapter 3 A New Angle on Families- Connecting the Mathematics of Life with School Mathematics Author: Shelley Goldman Parent-student informal learning interactions should be utilized to connect daily life and formal learning environments Possible FindingsContextApplicationsMethodology Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(2) Next Chapter(4)

11. A New Angle on Families- Connecting the Mathematics of Life with School Mathematics Methodology Ethnographic Research including case study Intense study of 6 families Field notes and video tapes Research in action Context Focuses on interests of families in the context of mathematics of their daily life Table of Contents Previous Chapter(2) Next Chapter(4)

12. A New Angle on Families- Connecting the Mathematics of Life with School Mathematics Possible Findings Families rarely recognized that they did math in daily life except arithmetic but did no think arithmetic was math Parents felt there was no relationship between daily life and school math The disconnect between daily life and school life diminishes possible learning opportunities Applications Educators/Parents should develop strategies to build connections between daily life and school content Develop resource materials for parents and educators to bridge school and home learning( eg. PRIME- help recognize life math skills as a part of math learning) Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(2) Next Chapter(4)

13. Chapter 4 Identity and Agency in Non-school and School Worlds Author: Glynda A. Hull and James G. Greeno After-school informal learning settings help build identity by utilizing highly participatory environments Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of Contents Previous Chapter(3) Next Chapter(5)

14. Identity and Agency in Non-school and School Worlds Methodology Multiple case study research including literature review Context US education and after-school programs Mathematics and literacy from classrooms in after-school programs and workplaces Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(3) Next Chapter(5)

15. Identity and Agency in Non-school and School Worlds Possible Findings Should not focus on the separation between school and non-school but should focus on the participation within the settings It is important to develop interpersonal, epistemic and discourse identities in all settings Applications After-school programs are good settings to redistribute authority, use community knowledge and connections, be flexible with activity choice and build bridges with schools to help build identity Develop after-school programs in concert with school programs Table of Contents Previous Chapter(3) Next Chapter(5)

16. Chapter 5 Schools Invasion of After-School –Colonization, Rationalization or expansion of Access? Authors:Honorine Nocon and Michael Cole Informal learning environments are flexible and effective learning settings that should maintain some independence from the formal education system Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(4) Next Chapter(6)

17. Schools Invasion of After-School –Colonization, Rationalization or expansion of Access? Methodology California Case Study- 5th Dimension Model – 40 programs at 20 universities in America, Europe and the Americas Research in Action Context 5th Dimension Model- development of after-school programs aimed at improving academic performance of children not likely to be successful in school, focuses on learning potential not quantitative measures and sorting/ranking School in After-School- examines the influences of formal schooling on 5th Dimension model after-school programs Table of Contents Previous Chapter(4) Next Chapter(6)

18. Schools Invasion of After-School –Colonization, Rationalization or expansion of Access? Possible Findings The value of after-school programs lie in their open informal nature- flexible sites for informal education Introduction of formal educational formats (homework club, sorting of students) into after-school programs negatively affected the benefits to learning that after-school programs provide for students who are not successful in formal schooling Applications After-school programs should provide students voluntary access to diverse opportunities for problem solving and self regulation of learning Informal learning opportunities could be introduced into formal schooling as opposed to introducing formal schooling into informal after-school programs Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(4) Next Chapter(6)

19. Chapter 6 Parent-Child Conservations about Science and Literacy- Links between Formal and Informal Learning Authors: Maureen A. Callanan and Gegory Braswell Utilizing narrative within informal settings helps link literacy and science Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of Contents Previous Chapter(5) Next Chapter(7)

20. Parent-Child Conservations about Science and Literacy- Links between Formal and Informal Learning Methodology Observational Study Partnership between university researcher adnn exhibit design staff Video and audio recordings Transcripts of family conversations Context Located at the Children’s Discovery Museum in California Study focused on how children learn with parents in museum settings(>90 % participation rate) Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(5) Next Chapter(7)

21. Parent-Child Conservations about Science and Literacy- Links between Formal and Informal Learning Possible Findings School like content can emerge in informal learning settings Science and literacy can be linked utilizing narrative Parents are the crucial link in effective connection between formal and informal learning Language has a crucial role in science facilitated learning Children enter school with knowledge of the language of science Applications Narrative learning can be used in other exhibits Teachers should utilize parents as experts and a resource for school science topics Spontaneous questioning should be encouraged Formal science education can build on skills learned from parent –student conversations Table of Contents Previous Chapter(5) Next Chapter(7)

22. Chapter 7 Cultural Teaching and Learning-Processes, Effects, and Development of Apprenticeship Skills Authors: Ashley E. Maynard and Patricia M. Greenfield Apprenticeships are effective informal learning environments that evolve with changing socio-economic conditions Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(6) Next Chapter(8)

23. Cultural Teaching and Learning-Processes, Effects, and Development of Apprenticeship Skills Methodology Ethnographic Research utilizing historical case study-measure the processes of teaching and learning and how the processes are effected by historical changes (socio-economic shifts) Naturalistic video data from 2 generations(1969-70 and 1990-93) Context Study examines Weaving in a Mayan Hamlet in Chiapas Mexico (1969- 2003) Two successive generations of girls learning to weave over 2 decades Table of Contents Previous Chapter(6) Next Chapter(8)

24. Cultural Teaching and Learning-Processes, Effects, and Development of Apprenticeship Skills Possible Findings Changing the modes of apprenticeship led to changes in cognitive representation The stage of cognitive development constrains the tools/tasks provided to learners Cultural teaching adapts to changing cultural environments Adaptive modes of cultural teaching emphasis cognitive development Applications Children can learn from more than one teacher Teaching/learning not necessarily a didactic, one teacher model of cultural transmission Active participation by the learner leads to cognitive development Teachers should develop to ability to teach according to a cultural model with the techniques adapted to the developmental level Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(6) Next Chapter(8)

25. Chapter 8 “This is our School of Citizenship”- Informal Learning in Local Democracy Author: Daniel Schugurensky An informed school of citizenship provides opportunity for political/democratic learning that are based on inclusion Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(7) Next Chapter(9)

26. “This is our School of Citizenship”- Informal Learning in Local Democracy Methodology Case Study Participatory budget of Porto Alegre Brazil Interview 30 delegates focusing on knowledge skills and attitudes using 28 indicators and open ended pre/post participation question Context Majority of the participant's female with low income Looked for changes in indicators Examines informal civic/ political learning that occurs in local processes of deliberation and decision making Table of Contents Previous Chapter(7) Next Chapter(9)

27. “This is our School of Citizenship”- Informal Learning in Local Democracy Possible Findings There were larger changes to knowledge and skills than attitude Learning acquired was significant and mostly incidental and part of socialization Applications Informal learning not formulated by externally imposed curriculum Informed school of citizenship provides opportunity for political/democratic learning that are based on inclusion Informal learning can be introduced into formal education Table of Contents Next Chapter(9) Previous Chapter(7)

28. Chapter 9 Culture Matters-Informal Science Centers and Cultural Contexts Author: Sally Duensing -A discussion of how science museum exhibit, programs, and pedagogical practices vary in different cultural contexts -highlights differences in cultural museum practice to explore the relationships of cultural contexts to explore and question relationships between cultural contexts and variations in informal and formal learning environments Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(8) Next Chapter(10)

29. Culture Matters-Informal Science Centers and Cultural Contexts Methodology Ethnographic Research examining differences in informal learning culture utilizing personal observations, interviews and literature review Context Focuses on science centers exhibit designs, management of visitors, staff interactions Table of Contents Previous Chapter(8) Next Chapter(10)

30. Culture Matters-Informal Science Centers and Cultural Contexts Possible Findings The characteristics of informal learning at science centers and museums are influenced by the culture that hosts these settings Applications Cultural adaptations should be made to informal learning settings to maximize learning opportunities. Facilitators/Teachers should be provided with the resources to adapt learning environments to best match the need of the informal learner Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(8) Next Chapter(10)

31. Chapter 10 Informal Learning-Conceptual Distinctions and Preliminary Findings Author: D.W. Livingstone Surveys investigating informal learning need to focus on reducing biases to help understand the processes Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(9) Next Chapter(11)

32. Informal Learning-Conceptual Distinctions and Preliminary Findings Methodology Literature Review- an analysis of previous studies Reviewed virtually all previous studies on informal education Pilot testing of informal learning surveys Context This article is an analysis of informal learning studies focusing on recent Canadian studies Table of Contents Previous Chapter(9) Next Chapter(11)

33. Informal Learning-Conceptual Distinctions and Preliminary Findings Possible Findings There was an increase in intentional learning activities science the 1970’s Increase in IT provides a greater opportunity for informal learning There is significant bias in informal learning studies- individualistic, dominant class, leading questions Applications More grounded research is needed to document actual processes of informal learning and training Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(9) Next Chapter(11)

34. Chapter 11 “Dancing with Words”- Narrative on Formal Education Author: Zvi Bekerman Facilitators of informal educational environments should foster open discourse and conversation Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(10) Next Chapter(12)

35. “Dancing with Words”- Narrative on Formal Education Methodology Ethnographic Case Studies Audio-taped and transcribed interviews with Context Educators from informal seminars on “Awareness of Jewishness and it’s influence on your lives” Educators have 1-2 years experience with the high school level Table of Contents Previous Chapter(10) Next Chapter(12)

36. “Dancing with Words”- Narrative on Formal Education Possible Findings Informal institutions can contribute to innovative educational experiments It is difficult for educators to distinguish between personal and public ( school) discourse Expressing personal opinions can have potential for political change Need to construct dialogical relationships Facilitators should not practice complete “neutrality” Liberators efforts of facilitators can reinforce the power structure Applications When teaching controversial subjects in formal school there must be a balance between contributing personal opinion and following cultural norms Facilitators should promote freedom in an independent way Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(10) Next Chapter(12)

37. Chapter 12 Images of Time and Place in the Narrative of Nonformal Pedagogy Author: Dana Silberman-Keller Discourse regarding informal learning environments describes these environments using their time and place Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of Contents Previous Chapter(11) Next Chapter(13)

38. Images of Time and Place in the Narrative of Nonformal Pedagogy Methodology Qualitative Research Interviewing officials and reading and analyzing texts relating to the organization Context Focus on the organizational/pedagogical attributes of out of school organizations in the context of time and place Describes the time and place images of the chronotype of nonformal education using the discourse of those who are utilizing these images Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(11) Next Chapter(13)

39. Images of Time and Place in the Narrative of Nonformal Pedagogy Possible Findings The discourse of nonformal pedagogy results from the description of the time and place as part of the interaction between self perception Applications The perception is that nonformal learning relates highly to the time and place Strive to change the relationship between nonformal learning and its time and place context to help encourage continuous informal learning Table of Contents Previous Chapter(11) Next Chapter(13)

40. Chapter 13 Self Educating Communities- Collaboration and Learning through the Internet Author: Nicholas C. Burbules Online Self-educating communities are successful informal learning environments when members cooperate for the benefit of the whole group Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of Contents Previous Chapter(12) Next Chapter(14)

41. Self Educating Communities- Collaboration and Learning through the Internet Methodology Narrative research Context Focuses on online self-educating communities Only people with access to the internet can participate Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(12) Next Chapter(14)

42. Self Educating Communities- Collaboration and Learning through the Internet Possible Findings Self motivation is key to successful Self-educating communities The role of teachers and students are not static Applications Self educating communities can be utilized in non-formal and formal educational settings As with most educational activities, self motivation is key for success Table of Contents Previous Chapter(12) Next Chapter(14)

43. Chapter 14 Situating genius Author: Ray McDermott A historical analysis of the concept of “genius” and its relationship to learning theory Possible FindingsContext Applications Methodology Table of Contents Previous Chapter(13)

44. Situating genius Methodology Conceptual-Historical analysis Context Discusses the concept of genius through out history Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(13)

45. Situating genius Possible Findings The idea of genius is based on the changes in the theories of learning The traditional definition of genius ranks individuals The modern “genius” is built on the contributions of others and the process of learning Applications The idea of genius should be redefined to catch up with our modern understanding of intelligence and learning Table of ContentsPrevious Chapter(13)