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2. Definition: group of people living in a particular place at a specified time Why Do Sociologist Study Population? we look for patterns to help understand human social behavior we also look for patterns to help us predict how people will behave

3. Definition: the study of human population What about population do Sociologists study? composition of population (size, location, diversity) population trends (migration, fertility, mortality)

4. 1.Low Mortality Rate (as measured by the Crude Death Rate) Lower the nations mortality rate, the faster its population grows Infant mortality is the highest in poor nations, where people lack of adequate nutrition and safe water and have little access to high-quality medical care 2. High Fertility Rate (as measured by the Crude Birth Rate) birth rates are the highest in low-income nations, where access to birth control is limited and women have few choices about how many children to bear

5. Natural Population Increase: rate of natural increase Do the Math: Crude Birth Rate minus Crude Death Rate Example: U.S. = 13.8 - 8.1 = 5.7 (0.57) Doubling Time: time (years) required for a population to double its size Do the Math: divide the number 70 by the growth rate Example: Central America = 70/1.9 = 2.8% Exponential Growth: amount of population increase is greater although rate remains the same Example: 1,2,3,4,5 versus 2,4,8,16, 32 Zero Population Growth: time where deaths and births are balanced creating no increase in population Fact: 60 high income nations reached zero population growth (Population Reference Bureau, 2006)

6. Malthusian Theory: Population, if left alone, will exceed food supply Checks on population can be positive or preventative Famine Family Planning Disease Birth Control War 1 Child Rule Demographic Transition Theory: Economic growth/ development can help predict growth Considers agricultural productivity and methods of birth control

7. Definition: movement of people to the cities Importance: most significant impact and forces social change Results: poverty and cultural change Causes of Urbaniztion: Search for employment Access to services Better Healthcare Educational Opportunities Modern Conveniences Access to Art, Culture, Entertainment

8. Suburbanization: population shift to areas surrounding the cities Gentrification: development of low-income areas by people of middle class, upper class, or developers

9. Definition: study of the relationship between humans and their city environments Why Do Sociologists Study Urban Ecology? As cities grow, patterns of migration emerges As cities expand, culture changes As cities expand, inequality is more evident Concentric Zone Theory Cities grow from the center outward Sector Theory Transportation routes affect urban growth Mutiple Nuclei Theory City has several centers devoted to separate zones Peripheral Theory Growth of suburbs around central city