1. Israel and Palestine

3. The Birth of Zionism The drive to reestablish a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel The drive to reestablish a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel 1.The ancient religious dream of return 2.The wave of nationalist enthusiasm that was sweeping Europe 3.The threat of anti-Semitism & physical dangers to Jews

4. The First Zionist Congress Held in 1897 Held in 1897 The congress was organized by Theodor Herzl (Herzl wrote The Jewish State, that argued that Jews must have their own independence) The congress was organized by Theodor Herzl (Herzl wrote The Jewish State, that argued that Jews must have their own independence) This attempt was known as political Zionism This attempt was known as political Zionism –The attempt to achieve statehood through political support of superpowers

5. Balfour Declaration In 1917 the British issue the Balfour Declaration In 1917 the British issue the Balfour Declaration Balfour Declaration supports a Jewish national home in Palestine Balfour Declaration supports a Jewish national home in Palestine Palestine was British mandate after WWI Palestine was British mandate after WWI

6. Immigration Basic premise of Zionism - Jews could not rely on others if they were to fulfill the dream of an independent state. Basic premise of Zionism - Jews could not rely on others if they were to fulfill the dream of an independent state. The most critical form of Zionist activity was immigration and settlement of the land. The most critical form of Zionist activity was immigration and settlement of the land. 1882-1939 – Jews began to immigrate to Palestine (formed kibbutzim) 1882-1939 – Jews began to immigrate to Palestine (formed kibbutzim)

7. A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian) The Promised Land (in Hungarian )

8. Immigration continued 1939 – British adopted “White Paper” that forbade any further purchase of land by Jews in Palestine & restricted immigration 75,000 total over 5-yr period 1939 – British adopted “White Paper” that forbade any further purchase of land by Jews in Palestine & restricted immigration 75,000 total over 5-yr period Was adopted after failure of conference between Jewish and Palestinian delegations Was adopted after failure of conference between Jewish and Palestinian delegations Balfour Declaration repudiated Balfour Declaration repudiated

9. Immigration continued Jewish people left Europe because of persecution and settled in Palestine Jewish people left Europe because of persecution and settled in Palestine Numbers really increased after WWII. Numbers really increased after WWII. UN Partition 1947 - Territory of Palestine is divided by UN to provide a homeland for the Jewish people after WWII. UN Partition 1947 - Territory of Palestine is divided by UN to provide a homeland for the Jewish people after WWII. 1948 Israel declares itself an independent nation. 1948 Israel declares itself an independent nation.

10. 1948 State of Israel created

11. The Army & Military Experience Numerous terrorists attacks had occurred between 1936-1939 due to Arab hostility towards Jewish settlers Numerous terrorists attacks had occurred between 1936-1939 due to Arab hostility towards Jewish settlers Arab countries object to Israeli independence and declare war on Israel Arab countries object to Israeli independence and declare war on Israel

12. The Army & Military Experience 1948 - 750,000 Palestinians are driven from or leave their homes and villages at the start of the war between Israel and the Arab countries (settle in refugee camps on West Bank or other Arab nations) 1948 - 750,000 Palestinians are driven from or leave their homes and villages at the start of the war between Israel and the Arab countries (settle in refugee camps on West Bank or other Arab nations) 1948-1949 – The first Arab-Israeli war, Israel repulsed invasions by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria & Lebanon 1948-1949 – The first Arab-Israeli war, Israel repulsed invasions by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria & Lebanon

13. 1956 Sinai Campaign – Suez Crisis A war fought in Egyptian territory. In response to Egypt’s moves to nationalize and take control of the Suez Canal, Israel, British and French troops invade. The Soviet Union threatens to intervene on Egypt’s behalf. The U.S. feared a larger war and forced the British and French army to withdraw.

15. Formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (1964) Formed to take up the war against Israel – nationalistic Formed to take up the war against Israel – nationalistic Set up as an umbrella organization to join various Palestinian groups that had formed in Arab areas Set up as an umbrella organization to join various Palestinian groups that had formed in Arab areas

16. Formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (1964) Set 2 goals – destroy Israel and form secular, democratic state in its place Set 2 goals – destroy Israel and form secular, democratic state in its place Launched guerrilla attacks on Israeli military targets Launched guerrilla attacks on Israeli military targets Certain factions used terrorism Certain factions used terrorism

17. Nasser (Egypt), backed by other Arab states, throws Israel into the sea. Pre-1967 War cartoon. Al-Farida newspaper, Lebanon

18. The War (AKA the Arab-Israeli war) started out as a border dispute – Israel’s Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, & Syria battle Israel. The War (AKA the Arab-Israeli war) started out as a border dispute – Israel’s Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, & Syria battle Israel. Result of war- Israel seized Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank (Jordan) and the Golan Heights (Syria). Result of war- Israel seized Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank (Jordan) and the Golan Heights (Syria). 1967 Six Day War

20. 1973 Yom Kippur War Started by Anwar Sadat of Egypt to shake up diplomatic situation, get Israel to talk Started by Anwar Sadat of Egypt to shake up diplomatic situation, get Israel to talk Arabs catch Israel off guard on a holy day, take the war to Israel Arabs catch Israel off guard on a holy day, take the war to Israel Satisfy the demands of honor Satisfy the demands of honor Israel does win, but Arabs commemorate this war on Oct. 6 Israel does win, but Arabs commemorate this war on Oct. 6 Leads to Camp David peace talks Leads to Camp David peace talks

21. 1973 Yom Kippur War Syrian forces attack fortification in Golan Heights and Egyptian forces attacked fortifications around the Suez Canal and on the Sinai Peninsula. Syrian forces attack fortification in Golan Heights and Egyptian forces attacked fortifications around the Suez Canal and on the Sinai Peninsula. After three weeks of fighting the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) was able to hold the defense and eventually push them back beyond the original lines. After three weeks of fighting the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) was able to hold the defense and eventually push them back beyond the original lines.

23. 1978 Camp David Accords Pres. Carter - USA Pres. Carter - USA Pres. Anwar Sadat - Egypt Pres. Anwar Sadat - Egypt Prime Min. Menachem Begin - Israel Prime Min. Menachem Begin - Israel Opens Communication Opens Communication Framework for Peace Framework for Peace Egypt first Arab nation to recognize Israel Egypt first Arab nation to recognize Israel

25. 1978 Camp David Accords Nobel Peace Prize for both Sadat and Begin in 1978 Nobel Peace Prize for both Sadat and Begin in 1978 Admired in the West Admired in the West Anwar Sadat assassinated October 6, 1981 Anwar Sadat assassinated October 6, 1981 Targeted by Islamist groups in Egypt for negotiating with Israel Targeted by Islamist groups in Egypt for negotiating with Israel

26. 1987 – The First Intifada By 1987, there was mounting frustration & anger among the Palestinians, who had been living in the West Bank & Gaza under Israeli occupation for 20 years By 1987, there was mounting frustration & anger among the Palestinians, who had been living in the West Bank & Gaza under Israeli occupation for 20 years The Palestinians had a strong desire for their own state, independent from Israeli control The Palestinians had a strong desire for their own state, independent from Israeli control PLO renounced its goal of destroying Israel in 1988 PLO renounced its goal of destroying Israel in 1988

27. 1987 – The First Intifada The intifada was the culmination of growing tension and violence between the Israelis and Palestinians, the uprising is also known as “the war of stones” The intifada was the culmination of growing tension and violence between the Israelis and Palestinians, the uprising is also known as “the war of stones” As a result – The Palestinians had global recognition as a people, world media criticized Israel in a way that had not been done before, the intifada led to the Oslo Peace Accords As a result – The Palestinians had global recognition as a people, world media criticized Israel in a way that had not been done before, the intifada led to the Oslo Peace Accords

28. “DAVID v. GOLIATH” Palestinian boys fight the soldiers with slingshots and stones

30. As violence continued over the next couple of years, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin decided it was time to enter into peace negotiations with the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) under the leadership of Yasser Arafat As violence continued over the next couple of years, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin decided it was time to enter into peace negotiations with the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) under the leadership of Yasser Arafat

31. 1993 Oslo Peace Accords Pres. Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat negotiate terms for Palestinian Self Rule Pres. Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat negotiate terms for Palestinian Self Rule Israel negotiates directly with PLO & Arafat Israel negotiates directly with PLO & Arafat PLO recognizes Israel’s right to exist PLO recognizes Israel’s right to exist

32. 1993 Oslo Peace Accord Offered limited self-rule in the West Bank & Gaza to Palestinians & withdrawal of Israel from occupied land (the “territories”) Offered limited self-rule in the West Bank & Gaza to Palestinians & withdrawal of Israel from occupied land (the “territories”) PLO becomes Palestinian Authority – in charge of administration of the West Bank and Gaza PLO becomes Palestinian Authority – in charge of administration of the West Bank and Gaza Big problems like Jerusalem, the settlements, status of Palestinian refugees put off to another time Big problems like Jerusalem, the settlements, status of Palestinian refugees put off to another time

33. 1995 – P.M. Rabin Assassinated 1994 – both Arafat & Rabin win Nobel Peace Prize 1994 – both Arafat & Rabin win Nobel Peace Prize Rabin assassinated by conservative Jewish groups Rabin assassinated by conservative Jewish groups Benjamin Netanyahu (his replacement) allowed for Benjamin Netanyahu (his replacement) allowed for –More Israeli settlements that would spread into the West Bank & Gaza Terrorist activity increased as a result of the encroachment on Palestinian self-ruled land Terrorist activity increased as a result of the encroachment on Palestinian self-ruled land

34. Israeli “Settlements” in Palestinian territories Israeli “Settlements” in Palestinian territories

35. The Turmoil Continues Ehud Barak (elected prime minister in 1999) made proposals in 2000 at Camp David II to Arafat & Palestinians in exchange for safety and security. Ehud Barak (elected prime minister in 1999) made proposals in 2000 at Camp David II to Arafat & Palestinians in exchange for safety and security. Palestinians rejected on the basis of three issues (Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees, settlements) Palestinians rejected on the basis of three issues (Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees, settlements) The situation rapidly deteriorated The situation rapidly deteriorated

36. 2000 - The second Intifada Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount in Jerusalem (the most disputed piece of territory) and publicly proclaimed the area as eternal Israeli territory (Al-Aqsa Mosque) Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount in Jerusalem (the most disputed piece of territory) and publicly proclaimed the area as eternal Israeli territory (Al-Aqsa Mosque) A day after Sharon’s visit large riots broke out A day after Sharon’s visit large riots broke out

37. Jamal and Muhammad al-Durrah prior to being shot; Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip; September 30, 2000 (France 2)France 2

38. Jamal and Muhammad al-Durrah prior to being shot; Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip; September 30, 2000 (France 2)France 2

39. Jamal and Muhammad Al-Durrah being shot, Image 3; Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip; September 30, 2000

40. The second intifada The wreckage of a commuter bus in West Jerusalem after a suicide bombing on Tuesday, 18 June, 2002. The blast killed 20 people. The Associated Press.

41. 2002 – 425-mile Israeli Security Wall in the West Bank (b/c of suicide bombings)

42. 2006 – War with “Lebanon” Hezbollah militants fire rockets across border into Israeli town Hezbollah (terrorist group) militants fire rockets across border into Israeli town Kidnap Israeli soldiers Kidnap Israeli soldiers Israel responds with air strikes Israel responds with air strikes Civilian infrastructure badly damaged Civilian infrastructure badly damaged Casualties include many Lebanese civilians caught in the middle Casualties include many Lebanese civilians caught in the middle Ends with cease fire brokered by UN Ends with cease fire brokered by UN

43. Palestinian Authority Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian Authority since 2005 Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian Authority since 2005 Leader of Fatah political party Leader of Fatah political party Moderate Moderate Cannot control Gaza, which has been controlled by Hamas since 2006 elections – not get along Cannot control Gaza, which has been controlled by Hamas since 2006 elections – not get along

44. GAZA 2008 Hamas lobs missiles into Israel Israel responds with airstrikes IDF ground attack to route out Hamas Civilian casualties

45. Video on 2008 violence http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_ east/jan-june08/gaza_03-03.html http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_ east/jan-june08/gaza_03-03.html http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_ east/jan-june08/gaza_03-03.html http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_ east/jan-june08/gaza_03-03.html

46. Current Situation Violence has escalated in the region over the past couple of years Violence has escalated in the region over the past couple of years Ariel Sharon (2001-2006) pursued an aggressive policy, in part because Palestinians deployed suicide bombers Ariel Sharon (2001-2006) pursued an aggressive policy, in part because Palestinians deployed suicide bombers Ehud Olmert (‘06-’09) just as aggressive Ehud Olmert (‘06-’09) just as aggressive Netanyahu current Prime Minister Netanyahu current Prime Minister

47. 2010 Peace Talks P.M. Netanyahu, Secretary of State Clinton, and Mahmoud Abbas

48. Palestinian Authority & Hamas Since Egyptian Arab Spring – Egyptian leaders have tried to broker peace between Abbas and Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal Hamas seen as terrorist organization