1. LECTURE 2 FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION AGENCY RELATIONSHIPS

2. 1-2 Alternative Forms of Business Organization Sole proprietorship An unincorporated business owned by one individual Partnership An unincorporated business owned by two or more persons

3. 1-3 Sole proprietorships & Partnerships Advantages Ease of formation—just start! Subject to few regulations No corporate income taxes Disadvantages Unlimited liability Difficult to raise capital Limited life Difficult to transfer ownership

4. 1-4 Corporation A legal entity, separate & distinct from its owners and managers, having unlimited life, easy transferability of ownership & limited liability Advantages Unlimited life Easy transfer of ownership Limited liability Ease of raising capital Disadvantages Double taxation Cost of set-up and report filing

5. 1-5 Value Maximization If organized as a corporation, the business value will most likely be maximized Reasons: Limited liability means lower risk and therefore, higher value Easy access to funds results in growth opportunities Easy transfer of ownership means investors are willing to pay more Some tax differences are beneficial for corporations

6. 1-6 Agency relationships An agency relationship exists whenever a principal hires an agent to act on their behalf Within a corporation, agency relationships exist between: Shareholders and managers Shareholders and creditors

7. 1-7 Shareholders versus Managers Managers are naturally inclined to act in their own best interests. They may want more perks whilst shareholders want an increase in the stock price

8. 1-8 How to motivate Managers? The threat of firing The threat of takeover Hostile takeover: instances in which management does not want the firm to be taken over How to prevent takeovers? Poison pill: an action the firm takes that can practically kill it and makes it unattractive, e.g. giving huge retirement bonuses if the management changed

9. 1-9 Motivating managers… Greenmail: like blackmail. The target company offers to buy the stock from the potential buyer at a price above the market Managerial compensation plans Allows managers to purchase stock at some future time at a given price

10. 1-10 Shareholders versus Creditors Shareholders (through managers) could take actions to maximize stock price that are detrimental to creditors. E.g., stockholders might push management to take up a project that has high returns but also high risk If the venture is successful, all the benefits accrue to shareholders; creditors just get a fixed return If things go bad the creditors will have to share the losses

11. Practice Questions: Chapt 1

12. CHAPTER 2 The Financial Environment: Markets, Institutions, and Interest Rates and Taxes Financial markets Types of financial institutions Determinants of interest rates Yield curves

13. 1-13 What is a market? A market is a venue where goods and services are exchanged. A financial market is a place where individuals and organizations wanting to borrow funds are brought together with those having a surplus of funds.

14. 1-14 Types of financial markets Physical assets vs. Financial assets Money vs. Capital Primary vs. Secondary Spot vs. Futures Mortgage vs. Consumer credit

15. 1-15 Physical assets vs. Financial assets Physical assets: wheat, autos, real estate, machinery Financial assets: Stocks, bonds

16. 1-16 Money vs. Capital Money mkt: for debt securities with maturity of less than 1 year Capital mkt: for long-term debt AND common stock

17. 1-17 Primary vs. Secondary Primary mkts: in which corporations & governments raise new capital Secondary mkts: in which existing, previously issued (already OUTSTANDING) securities are traded

18. 1-18 Spot vs. Futures Spot markets: where assets are bought or sold for “on the spot” delivery (immediately or within a few days) Futures markets: where assets are bought or sold for delivery at a later date (e.g. six months or a year into the future)

19. 1-19 Mortgage vs. Consumer credit Mortgage mkts: loans on commercial, residential, industrial real estate & farmland Consumer credit markets: loans for autos, appliances, education etc.

20. 1-20 How is capital transferred between savers and borrowers? Direct transfers Investment banking house Financial intermediaries

21. 1-21 Capital formation process Business sells stocks or bonds to savers w/o going through any financial institution

22. 1-22 Capital formation process Intermediary obtains funds from investors, issuing its own securities The intermediary might lend to business Intermediaries create new forms of capital (e.g. certificates of deposit) Efficiency of financial mkts increases

23. 1-23 Capital formation process Investment bank buys & holds securities for a period of time—so it is taking a chance Investment bank deals with the issuance of securities not loans and deposits

24. 1-24 Types of financial intermediaries Commercial banks Savings and loan associations Mutual savings banks Credit unions Pension funds Life insurance companies Mutual funds

25. 1-25 Physical location stock exchanges vs. Electronic dealer-based markets

26. 1-26 NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) All trades occur in a physical place, on the trading floor of the NYSE An auction market, wherein individuals are typically buying and selling between one another and there is an auction occurring Highest buying (bidding) price will be matched with the lowest selling (asking) price Stocks of well established (Blue chip) companies

27. 1-27 NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers’ Automated Quotations) Located on a telecommunications network. Dealer's market, wherein market participants are not buying from and selling to one another but to and from a dealer He is the market maker Stocks of firms dealing with the Internet or electronics. Stocks are more volatile

28. 1-28 Differences have narrowed NASDAQ exchange was listed as a publicly- traded corporation, while the NYSE was private corporation. In March 2006 the NYSE went public after being a not-for-profit exchange for nearly 214 years. The shares of these exchanges, like those of any public company, can be bought and sold by investors on an exchange.

29. 1-29 Organized exchange vs. OTC market Organized exchange: Physical place Over-the-Counter market: Brokers and Dealers connected over an electronic network Give an example…

30. 1-30 Video Clip: Key Takeaways Primary and Secondary markets Public financial markets Where govts borrow money Corporate financial markets Where corporations borrow money Organized security exchanges vs. virtual networks Most people think of the stock market when we talk of financial markets