1. BUILDING AN ARTIFICIAL BRAIN Using an FPGA CAM-Brain Machine Mika Shoshani Yossy Salpeter

2. An ARTIFICIAL BRAIN ?! What? –A machine modeling the Human brain Why? –Breaking the limits of traditional computers And How? –“Teaching” the machine…

3. Scope Introduction Background –The basis of the “Brain Building” field The CAM-Brain machine ROBOKONEKODomo Arigato Mr. ROBOKONEKO –“Proof of concept” What’s Next...

4. Buzz words Neurons, Axons, Dendrites… Neural Network Module CAM - Cellular Automata Model FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array Genetic Algorithms “Evolvable Hardware”

5. A network of 10 14 neurons Data transfer by electric signals DendriteDendrite cells (neurons Input) – Collect signals and pass them to the neuron NeuronsNeurons –“Decide” when to initiate a signal AxonAxon cells (neurons Output) –Propagate neuron signals The Human Brain

6. Genetic Algorithms A process imitating natural evolution Random population Fitness function The fittest Crossover & Mutation New Generation REPRODUCTION

7. Genetic Algorithms A process imitating natural evolution Random population Fitness function The fittest Crossover & Mutation 3’ed Generation REPRODUCTION

8. Genetic Algorithms A process imitating natural evolution Random population Fitness function The fittest Crossover & Mutation 4’th Generation REPRODUCTION

9. Genetic Algorithms A process imitating natural evolution Random population Fitness function The fittest Crossover & Mutation 5’th Generation Fittest individual REPRODUCTION

10. “Evolvable Hardware” The Application of a Genetic Algorithm on programmable hardware: Chip with random circuits Measuring circuit Best Performing circuits Random Mutations New Generation of mutant circuits REPRODUCTION Functioning circuit Evolve Hardware to perform a desired function AT HARDWARE SPEEDS!!!

11. Human Brain vs. The Computer 10 14 Neurons Parallel Computing Speed: 100+ M./sec. Natural Evolution CPU - C entral P rocessing U nit Serial Computing Approx. Speed of light “Designable”

12. The CAM-Brain Machine (CBM) A research tool of an artificial brain Consists of 32,768 neural modules Neural modules evolve in hardware using Genetic Algorithms

13. CBM Goal howCreate a complex functionality without any a priori knowledge of how to achieve it… Requires the desired Input/Output function !

14. CELLULAR automata MODEL A 3D grid of cells Each can be in one of a finite number of possible states. Sync. updated in discrete time steps. According to a local, identical interaction rule. “Chromosome”

15. CBM Neural Network Model The CBM implements the: “CoDi” Cellular Automata based neural network model Goals: –Fast evolution –Portability into electronic hardware

16. C o D I Cell design A cube with six neighbor cells Can function as Neuron, Axon or Dendrite A Neuron Cell: –5 dendritic inputs + 1 axonic output –4-bit input accumulator, “fires” on threshold A Dendrite cell: 5 Inputs / 1 Output An Axon cell: 1 Input / 5 Outputs

17. C o D I Module Evolving All cells are seeded with “chromosome” Seed Neuron cells randomly Growth procedure: –Each Neuron sends grow dendrite/axon signals –Blank cells become dendrite/axon –Grown cells propagate growth signals –Propagation direction is set by the chromosome

18. C o D I Module Evolving

19. C o D I Module evolution Each module is given a specific function Genetic Algorithem: –Initial population of 30-100 modules –Run for 200-600 Generations –Up to 60,000 different module evaluations Full module evolution takes approx. 1sec

20. CBM Architecture Cellular Automata Module Genotype/Phenotype Memory Fitness Evaluation Unit Genetic Algorithm Unit Module Interconnection Memory External Interface

21. Architecture {1} Cellular Automata Module –The hardware core of the CBM –3D array of identical logic circuits (cells) –Module size of 24*24*24 cells (13,824) –Implemented by 72 FGPAs –Time shared between multiple modules - Forming a brain during simulation. –No idle time between modules

22. Architecture {2} Genotype & Phenotype Memory –Total 1180 Mbytes RAM –Genotype memory for Evolution mode: Store Chromosome bitstrings Store module neuron location & orientation –Phenotype memory for Run mode: Holds all evolved module maps –Can support up to 32,758 modules

23. Architecture {3} Fitness evaluation unit –Evaluates module fitness –Signals each module inputs –Compares Module output to target output –This comparison gives a measure of module performance

24. Architecture {4} Genetic Algorithm Unit –Selects a subset of the “best” evolved modules for reproduction –Implements Crossover and Mutation masks –Generates offspring modules –Offspring chromosome generated in hardware

25. Architecture {5} Module Interconnection Memory –Supports operation of Evolved modules as one artificial brain –Provides signaling between modules

26. Architecture {6} External Interface –CBM Signaling is by 1-bit spiketrains –I/O For each module Input of up to 188 spiketrains Output of up to 3 spiketrains

27. Human Brain vs. CAM-Brain 10 14 Neurons Parallel Computing Speed: 100+ M./sec. Natural Evolution 4*10 7 Neurons 1150 parallel neurons Approx. speed of light “Designable” Evolution

28. Political & Strategic goals A controlled cat as a “proof of concept” Radio connected to CBM Demonstrates CBM via evolved behaviors GoalGoal - The “CUTE” factor... ROBOKONEKO

29. Behavior Evolving Moition control modules –Fitness criterion - speed & distance –Mechanical vs. Simulated behavior evolving –Slow evolution, 2-3 min. per chromosome –Hand coded base criterion. Non motion control modules evolution - Predicted to be Faster

30. SUMMARY Artificial Brain Building “CAM Brain Project” –Aims to build an artificial brain with 32000 evolved net modules, 40 million neurons “Robokoneko” –A Cat robot controled by the CAM-Brain –In development of motion control modules

31. What’s Next... “Intelligent” robotic pets, Household robots, Soldier robots. Artilect - Artificial Intellect Ultra-Intelligent Artilect = Moral dilemma

32. The prophecy Future WAR “Cosmists” vs. “Terrans”… The End of Human race as we know it...

33. References {1} "Building an Artificial Brain Using an FPGA Based CAM-Brain Machine", Applied Mathematics and Computation Journal, Special Issue on "Artificial Life and Robotics, Artificial Brain, Brain Computing and Brainware", North Holland. (Invited by Editor, to appear 1999), Hugo de Garis, Michael Korkin, Felix Gers, Eiji Nawa, Michael Hough. "A 40 Million Neuron Artificial Brain for an Adaptive Robot Kitten "Robokoneko", Hugo de Garis, Michael Korkin, Gary Fehr, Nikolai Petroff, Eiji Nawa, to be submitted to the Connection Science Journal, Special Issue on Adaptive Robots. "Simulation and Evolution of the Motions of a Life Sized Kitten Robot "Robokoneko" as Controlled by a 32000 Neural Net Module Artificial Brain", Hugo de Garis, Nikolai Petroff, Michael Korkin, Gary Fehr, Eiji Nawa, (Invitation by Editor to the Computational Geometry Journal (CGJ), Special Issue on Computational Geometry in Virtual Reality)

34. References {www} A Brief Introduction to Genetic Algorithms, by Moshe Sipper, http://lslsun.epfl.ch/~moshes/ga_main.html Non-uniform cellular automata, by Moshe Sipper, http://lslsun.epfl.ch/~moshes/ga_main.html Prof. Dr. Hugo de Garis Home Page, http://www.cs.usu.edu/~degaris/ CNN - Swiss scientists warn of robot Armageddon, http://www.cnn.com/TECH/science/9802/18/swiss.robot/ האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים - המוח, http://gifted.snunit.k12.il/activities/brain/