1. Construction Drawing Occupational Safety and Fundamentals
Unit 5

2. Introduction
Construction drawings/blueprints are drawings used to represent a structure before the build
Today most prints are created by computer-aided drafting (CAD)
These drawings can be used to represent drawings, commercial drawings, landscaping, and industrial drawings
The drawings include specs which are the specification of the detail of what is being built.
When a building is being built the print is what is approved before ground is broken for construction.
When creating a print it is important to talk to client and fully understand the needs and uses of the building. Prints can be made multiple time before agreed upon before they are finalized. These prints can be created by hand to scale or using the computer software.

3. Components of Construction Drawings
Five basic parts of construction drawing:
Title block
Border
Drawing area
Revision block
Legend
Six major types of drawings:
Civil
Architectural
Structural Mechanical
Plumbing
Electrical
*Sometimes fire protection is included in the drawings
Another term for blueprint is construction drawing. When creating construction drawings there are different types and components.

4. Title block Components: Company logo Sheet title: Identify the project
Date: the date that the drawing was checked
“Drawn By”
Drawing number
Scale: ratio of the size of the object as drawn to the object’s actual size
Revision block: include the date of revisions needed, initials of person making revision, and any information needed
The title block is usually the first thing looked at when reading a print. Different companies can contain different elements in the title block. The information of the assembly and structure may be included.

5. Border, Drawing area, and Legend
The border is a clear area that is a half inch around the edge around the drawing area
The drawing area is the information for the construction project:
Floor plan
Elevations
Sections
Details
The legend includes identification of these lines and other symbols are found in the legend. The legend is not included in every print
The border area sets the clear definition of the building and the drawing area will include the details that are key to construction. The legend will vary depending on the print and is not always included.

6. Construction drawing types: Civil plans
Civil Plans: an aerial view of the site.
It shows the contours of earth represented by contour lines.
The plan also includes any plants, walks, driveways or utilities on site.
The dimension of the property is also included.
When creating a construction drawing there are various plans needed to complete a print. the civil plans are also known as site plans, survey plans, or plot plans. They can sometimes also include the legal description of the property.

7. Construction Drawing types: architectural plans
Architectural plan shows the design of the project, it also includes specs such as what specific elements will be used. These elements include exact windows, doors, or tables
Floor plan: also known as the plan view, shows an overhead view of the lay out
Includes interior and exterior walls, doors, stairways, and any equipment that will be in the house
Roof plan: the view of the roof from above the building
Elevation drawings: show the side view of the building including all the heights
Section Drawings: show how the structure is built, materials to use, and how the building fits together
Detail Drawing: this is a zoomed in view of the different components of the architectural plan that shows detail.
Architectural plans have multiple components that create the overall plan. With these plans you get a full understanding of the actual structure of the building. Sometimes the detail plan will be included on the same sheet, and other times it will be included on a different sheet. The final part of the architectural plan is the schedule, it will include specs such as which windows and doors to use in construction.

8. Construction drawing types: structural plans
The structural plan is the engineered drawings that are created to support the architectural plan.
Part 1: General Notes:
This part of the plans includes materials needed, requirements to follow, and can include any other specification for the building such as the strength of the concrete being poured.
Part 2: Foundation Plan:
This shows the lowest level of the building. It includes concrete footing, slabs, and foundation walls. This plan also shows the under layer of each floor plan
Part 3: Materials Used:
This is a list of materials used for walls, framing, roof, or joints
Part 4: Structural set of Drawings:
These are the visuals that show the exact plan and layout of the structure such as walls, beams, and support columns
Each of these parts are combined to create the overall structural plan. When done of thin blueprint paper they can be layered to show the complete structure.

9. Construction drawing types: mechanical plans
These plans are engineered plans for motors, pumps, piping systems, and equipment
These plans usually include a series of notes that talk about all the specific elements that will be incorporate into the building.
A mechanical legend is also commonly included to define symbols used on the plan.
Piping and Instrumentation Drawings (P&ID) are schematic diagrams of a complete piping system that show the lay out and the direction of flow. Equipment and all controls needed are also included in these drawings.
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) plans are also incorporated. These plans require gas, oil, or steam piping system and include the system equipment and elements.
Mechanical Plans show the layout of the motors, piping and systems within the building. P&IDs are a part of the mechanical plan but do not show compass direction. For HVAC plans both the electrical and the mechanical elements are included on the same page. Detailed versions of this plans can also be included which will show a “zoomed in area”.

10. Construction drawing types: electrical plans
Electrical plans show the supply and distribution of power throughout the structure.
These plans include:
Electric meter
Distribution panels
Switchgear
Convenience outlets
Special outlets
These plans can also include special notes about the specifics such as transformers, breakers, and motor control centers
Electrical plans can also include lighting plans
Sometimes electrical plans are included in the floor plan itself during simple projects. These plans can range in complexity varying on the building size.

11. Construction drawing types: plumbing/piping plan & Fire Protection Plan
Plumbing and piping plans are engineered plans showing the layout for the plumbing system that supplies hot and cold water throughout the house.
Part of the plumbing plan is the plumbing isometric which depicts the plumbing system.
This plan will also include the flow of water and the temperature of the pipe lines.
Fire protection plans show the piping, values and switches that make up the sprinkler system. This will also label where the smoke alarms are throughout the building
The plumbing and piping plans show the layout for how the water will be carried through the structure. Sometimes fire protection plans are also included in construction drawings which shows a sprinkler system and smoke alarms.

12. Specification, request for information, and scale
Specification: written statements that the architectural and engineering firm provides to the contractors that define the needs of the work being done. It is also used to make any clarifications of the build. Specifications are important so that architects and owners can make sure that all compliances are being met to standards.
Request for Information (RFI): this is used to clarify any discrepancy in the plan. The RFI is submitted to the superintendent who then gives it to the general contractor and lastly the final viewer engineer.
Both specification and request for information need to be referred to when interpreting the drawings.
Scale tells the size of the drawn object compared to the actual size of the object. The scale can usually be found in the title block.
When looking at the drawing there is much more to consider than just the picture itself. Specifications can given usually include written information about the drawing. Request for information allows every to clear the drawing before being built and notes on any changes that need to be made. Lastly, the scale tell you how big the actual building being constructed will be compared to the drawing on the paper.

13. Lines of construction:
Dimension Line: These lines can show how the structures move, such as doors, and those lines have arrows to show direction
Leaders and Arrowhead: identify the location of particular parts of the drawing. These can be paired with words, abbreviations, symbols and key notes
Hidden Lines: These lines show parts of the structure that are not visible in the drawing. Sometimes the items referred to by the hidden lines are shown in other pictures
Property Lines: shows the land boundaries
Cut Lines: These lines on the drawing show cross-section views
Center Lines: center lines show the center of objects such as columns or lighting fixtures.
There are many different types of lines used in construction such as dimension lines, leaders and arrow heads, hidden lines, property lines, cut line and center lines. Some other types of lines not listen are section cutes which shows areas not included in the cutting line view, or break lines that show where object have been cut off to save space in the drawing.

14. Abbreviations and symbols
Abbreviations and symbols are used to keep the drawings from becoming too cluttered by words.
Each of the trades has its own set of symbols.
The abbreviations are used to reference construction terms.
When writing abbreviations the letters always need to be in capital letters. In addition, somewhere within the packet (typically on the title sheet or within the introduction) a legend needs to be included for others to reference.
Symbols are used to show what materials are being used in the project. These symbols also vary based on trade. Symbols are not standardized so many have some variations even within the same trade. The specifications can include a reference for symbols.
When reading a drawing commonly abbreviation and symbols are used to add detail without adding clutter. You can use the legends to depict these items. Sometimes keynotes will be used instead of symbols, they are typically a number or a letter that refer to a specific object.

15. Using gridlines
Gridlines are used to locate items that are on the map.
Rows can be labeled by numbers, and columns numbered by letters or vice versa. However the numbering and lettering always start in the upper left hand corner of the drawing.
Each of the squares are referred to as bays.
To avoid confusion sometimes numbers 1 and 0 are omitted and letters I, O, and Q are omitted as well.
When referring to a specific point you would say the window in F-9 or a doorway in M-6.
Using gridlines is much like using a map, they can tell you the position of items within the building. Can you read the name of that bay based on the grid?
B-1
Can you name this bay? ?

16. dimensions
Dimensions are the part of the drawing showing the size and place of objects that will be built or installed into the building.
The dimension measurement is usually written in the middle of the line of the object itself.
Dimension tell the size of an item, the length of that specific side is incorporate in the line itself.

17. Trade terms Architect Electrical Plans Architectural Plans
Elevations (EL)
Beam
Elevation drawing
Blueprints
Engineer
Civil Plans
Fire Protection Plan
Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD)
Floor Plan
Foundation Plan
Construction Drawings
Heating, ventilating and conditioning (HVAC)
Contour lines
Detail Drawings
Dimension line
Dimensions

18. Trade terms Hidden Line Scale Isometric Drawing Schematic Leader
Section Drawing
Legend
Specification
Mechanical plan
Structural plans
Not to Scale (NTS)
Symbol
Piping and instrumentation drawings
Title block
Plumbing
Plumbing plans
Request for Information (RFI)
Roof Plan

19. Project assignment
Now that you have the knowledge you will be creating your very own drawings! Look at the Blueprint Project Packet for all the details and step by step instructions!