1. Norwegian Social Research Digital freedom for persons with disabilities: social regulation and redistribution in Europe and the US Dr Rune Halvorsen

2. Norwegian Social Research Digital freedom for persons with disabilities Today accessibility and availability of information and communication technology (ICT) is indispensable for people to participate as full members of society The expanding use of ICT creates new opportunities for persons with disabilities in education and employment, and may reduce barriers to participation in everyday life persons with dyslexia or visual impairments may have text converted to speech people may participate in cyberinfrastructure-enabled learning environments Often persons with disabilities have not benefited from innovation and use of the technology

3. Norwegian Social Research Digital freedom in Europe vs US Available data suggest that Europe is lagging behind the US in e-accessibility achievements European governments generally pay uneven attention to accessibility across the spectrum of technologies. Data suggest that the e-accessibility situation is better in countries with strong social regulation Policies aiming at influencing the functioning of the market with a view to promoting social objectives The US government has adopted a large repertoire of statutory social regulations to promote accessibility to goods and services, accommodation at the work place and in public procurement

4. Norwegian Social Research Digital freedom in Europe vs US (cont.) Poverty or limited economic resources are more likely to impact the availability of ICT to persons with disabilities in the US than in Europe. The lack of availability is related to the more residual character of social support in cash and in kind in the US compared to Europe. European countries have developed relatively generous national systems for the distribution of assistive technology, and the provision of practical assistance, education and economic support. But have been reluctant to adopt social and especially legal regulations that would impose obligations on business and industry.

5. Norwegian Social Research The evolving human rights approach to disability In 2006 the United Nations adopted a “Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities” (CRPD) which covers both proscriptions against unfair treatment and substantive rights. Require States to think strategically about accessibility and accommodation for persons with disabilities in all areas of life The UN convention may be seen as a moral compass for the development of disability protection systems world wide, independent of whether the Member States have ratified it or not.

6. Norwegian Social Research Accessibility - a key general principles of the Convention “To enable persons with disabilities to live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life, States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basis with others, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications, including information and communications technologies and systems, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public, both in urban and in rural areas. (…)” (CRPD, Art. 9.1.)

7. Norwegian Social Research Different strategies for achieving accessibility in practice Universal design: designing environments, facilities, products and services to make them usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible and hence to minimize the need for particular adaptations or special designs (Art 2, Art 4 point f). Reasonable accommodation: necessary and appropriate modifications or adjustments of social environments to meet the needs of individuals with disabilities (Art 2, Art 5 point 23, Art 24 point 2 c, Art 27 point i) Usability: whether the facilities, products or services a person with disabilities have access to, fully serve the purposes or functions they are meant to serve (Art. 2) Availability: whether the products, facilities or services we talk about actually exist and are relevant for the lives of persons with disabilities or whether such products, facilities and services are unavailable to economic or other reasons (Art 4 point f & g, Art. 9 point f, Art 26 point 39)

8. Norwegian Social Research More about availability The functioning of the market; is the market of a sufficient scale or geographical extension to offer products and services (e.g. assistive technology in education and learning platforms) at affordable prices? The scope of employer provisions; if the person with disability is employed does the employer provide such products and services? The scope of non-market provisions; do public and/or non-governmental agencies offer financial support or vouchers for acquiring the products and services, or provide such products and services for free or for loan?

9. Norwegian Social Research More about availability (cont.) The financial situation of persons with disabilities: Do all persons with disabilities enjoy a level of income or purchasing power that allows them to buy the product or service? The answer depends on whether the person is employed, and if so, at what wage level, and if not, whether he or she can benefit from public cash transfer arrangements, or can receive support from family or others.

10. Norwegian Social Research Implementation of the accessibility provisions in the UN Convention States have different conditions and points of departure for realizing full accessibility The way forward to achieve full accessibility will take many forms Will take time and resources and commitment by every UN member state

11. Norwegian Social Research Concluding remarks I Several European countries have since the mid 1990s adopted more social regulations – partly in response to the policy developments in the EU and the UN and policy learning from the US Need the best from both the US and the European approach to advance in opportunities for participation and independent living for persons with disabilities Need to move away from binary thinking about social policy and markets

12. Norwegian Social Research Concluding remarks II This yields a threefold policy prescription: Reengineer disability protection services and programmes to enable a life of choice, independent living and participation in mainstream society Enact non-discrimination law and policy to prevent discriminatory attitudes, behaviour and stereotypes in both public and private sector Use market regulation tools to force open more space for difference to the advantage of the individual and also to the advantage of society