1. The Library Cataloging Tradition Marty Kurth (mk168@cornell.edu) CS 431 February 9, 2005 [slides stolen from Diane Hillmann]

2. From the beginning... The traditional catalog and its boundaries How catalogs have evolved Library catalog content standards Catalog metadata transmission format (MARC)

3. The Boundaries of the Traditional Catalog Books Serials/Journals at the title level Article level access left to commercial services Archival collections at the collection level Sub-collections and individual items described in finding aids “Funny Formats” not always integrated or traditionally cataloged

4. Evolution of “The Catalog” Book catalogs Card catalogs Union catalogs Union lists Online catalogs Bibliographic utilities

5. The Card Catalog lives on... LC card distribution begins in 1890s MARC developed (by Henriette Avram) at LC in the 1960s OCLC (first bibliographic utility using MARC) in the early 1970s AACR2 (takes effect in 1981) pushes libraries into the online catalog era

6. ... and on MARC Format Integration prepares MARC for rational extension Second (third?) generation library management systems bring on web-based catalogs in 1990s AACR2 and MARC extended to remote resources in mid-1990s Metadata other than MARC begins to filter into libraries

7. From Cutter’s “Objects” (1875) To enable a person to find a book of which either the author, the title, the subject is known To show what the library has by a given author, on a given subject, in a given kind of literature To assist in the choice of a book as to its edition (bibliographically), as to its character (literary or topical)

8. To the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (1998) Description (FRBR: identify, select) Access (FRBR: find) Subject access  headings  classification Other access points Holdings (FRBR: obtain)

9. Description & Access AACR2 divided into two major parts: Description  Organized by format, with specific rules for describing each type of materials Headings, Uniform Titles, and References  Choice of access points  Headings for persons, geographic names, corporate bodies, etc.  References to guide readers to the correct heading

10. Subject Analysis, the third estate Can be either term based (alphabetically arranged) or alphanumeric (arranged by topic) US research libraries generally use the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) and Classification (LCC)

11. Ranganathan: Colon Classification S. R. Ranganathan developed Colon Classification System in the 1930’s based on the concept of “facets” subdivides each of 42 main classes into facets, which are then combined to make subordinate classes as needed (which yields a polyhierarchical result) Art & Architecture Thesaurus and PRECIS based on this model (so is Yahoo, in a simplified way)

12. Dewey Classification Dewey Decimal Classification System (DDC) first published in 1876 by Melvil Dewey Most widely used classification system in the world (used in 135 countries) In this country used primarily by public and school libraries

13. Dewey, continued DDC is divided into ten main classes, then ten divisions, each division into ten sections The first digit in each three-digit number represents the main class. “500” = natural sciences and mathematics. The second digit in each three-digit number indicates the division. “500” is used for general works on the sciences “510” for mathematics “520” for astronomy “530” for physics

14. More Dewey The third digit in each three-digit number indicates the section. “530”is used for general works on physics “531” for classical mechanics “532” for fluid mechanics “533” for gas mechanics A decimal point follows the third digit in a class number, after which division by ten continues to the specific degree of classification needed.

15. Library of Congress Subjects Essentially an artificial indexing language Based on literary warrant Entry vocabulary provided in the form of reference structure Moving slowly towards a real thesaurus structure (not there yet) Not faceted—subdivisions pre-selected, based on individual heading or “pattern” heading

16. LCSH Example Digital libraries see from “Electronic libraries” see from “Virtual libraries” see broader term: “Libraries” see also “Information storage and retrieval systems”

17. Library of Congress Classification 21 basic classes, based on single alphabetic character (K=law, N=art, etc.) Subdivided into two or three alpha characters (KF=American Law, ND=painting, etc.) Further subdivision by specific numeric assignment Author numbers and dates arrange works by a particular author together and in chronological order

18. MARC Formats (Bibliographic) Books Serials Maps Visual materials Sound recordings Computer files Archives and manuscripts

19. Control fields (00X) Number & code fields (0XX) Access point (1XX = main entry) Title, publisher, etc. (2XX) Physical description (3XX) Series (4XX) Notes (5XX) Subject headings (6XX) Local fields (9XX)

20. From Holdings Record

21. Authorized heading Cross-references Source where data found

22. Authorized heading Place/Publisher Treatment codes Source where data found

23. Authorized heading (topic) See also ref. See also from (broader) See also from (related) Information in other headings LC Classification

24. Bibliographic Record (paper version) Heading (name)Heading (series)Classification (subject)Heading (subject) Holdings (paper) Bibliographic Record (digital version) Holdings (paper) Holdings (digital)

25. Traditional library  digital libraries? MARC and AACR2 categorizations by physical format break down for digital resources Efforts to integrate digital materials ongoing Catalog boundaries are at issue

26. Current Questions What will be cataloged? How can we further maximize automation to minimize costs? How much catalog data is enough? What will catalogs look like? How will catalogs integrate with other retrieval systems?