1. HOMEWORK *Reading pp. 205-212 *Questions on page 209 *Make Flashcards for Terms in Margins

2. C hapter Six Learning © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. THIS CHAPTER CAN... Change your life! Help you change the world! © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING involuntary © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Learning vs. Conditioning Learning Relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes due to experience Conditioning Process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. But—what is LEARNED can be UNLEARNED!! WILEY VIDEO Vitamin A and Learning WILEY VIDEO Brain Viagra WILEY VIDEO Learning From Babies

6. Key Terms: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Learning through involuntary paired associations; it occurs when a previously neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) Unconditioned Stimulus (USC) Stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without previous conditioning © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Unconditioned Response (UCR) Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus without previous conditioning Involuntary!! ANIMATION Classical Conditioning WILEY VIDEO Alcohol and Ads

7. Key Terms: Classical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (NS) Stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), now elicits a conditioned response © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Conditioned Response (CR) Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of repeated pairings with a unconditioned stimulus Involuntary!! Say WHAT??? Let’s walk through it!

8. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. ANIMATION Classical Conditioning

9. Using Key Terms in Classical Conditioning Identify the NS, the UCS, the UCR, the CS, and the CR. A researcher sounds a tone, then places a piece of meat into a dog’s mouth, causing it to salivate. Eventually, the sound of the tone alone causes the dog to salivate. You have a cat that always comes running when she hears the electric can opener. While listening to a song on his car radio, a man accidentally bumped into a red car in front of him. Thereafter, whenever he saw red cars, he experienced a severe anxiety attack. A pregnant woman, experiencing morning sickness, vomited while eating at Burger King. Thereafter, she felt sick every time she drove by a Burger King. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. NSCS UCS UCRCR A pregnant woman, experiencing morning sickness, vomited while eating at Burger King. Thereafter, she felt sick every time she drove by a Burger King.

11. Watson’s Contribution Conditioned Emotional Response Classically conditioned emotional response to a previous neutral stimulus (NS) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Likes Dislikes Prejudices Phobias Love WILEY VIDEO Halloween Spiders

12. Six Principles of Classical Conditioning © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Principle #1: Acquisition © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Principles #2 and #3 Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination Stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS) elicit a conditioned response (CR) Only the conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits the conditioned response (CR) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Extinction Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response (CR); occurs when unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is withheld whenever the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented Spontaneous Recovery Sudden, temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Principles #4 and #5 WILEY VIDEO Learning to Forget

16. Principle #6: Higher-Order Conditioning © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. OPERANT CONDITIONING voluntary © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. Key Terms: Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences; reinforcement increases behavioral tendencies, whereas punishment decreases them Reinforcement Strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Punishment Weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur Voluntary!!

19. Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. Important Figures in Operant Conditioning Thorndike Law of Effect Thorndike’s rule is that the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when it is followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence. Skinner emphasized that reinforcement (which increases the likelihood of a response) and punishment (which decreases it) are always defined after the fact. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. It’s about the CONSEQUENCES!

21. Consequences are Key! © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. So, how might you STOP your child from screaming in the grocery store? © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

24. Is the Target Behavior Being Reinforced or Punished? Is it Positive or Negative? Scenario #1 Child screams for candy in store. Dad buys candy. Child screams for candy next visit. The TARGET BEHAVIOR: Child Screaming Scenario #2 Child screams for candy in store. Dad buys candy. Child screams for candy next visit. The TARGET BEHAVIOR: Dad Buying Candy © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l5EYY_cyig

25. Differentiating Classical/Operant Conditioning For each of the following examples, decide whether the situation is an example of classical or operant conditioning. I. If you decide the situation seems to be an example of classical conditioning, you should label the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. II. If you decide the situation seems to be an example of operant conditioning, you should identify whether it is positive or negative reinforcement, or positive or negative punishment SITUATION 1 A very bright (mildly painful) light is turned on a rat. The rat has learned that he can turn off the light by pressing a lever on the other side of his cage. As soon as the light comes on, the rat runs across the room and presses the lever. SITUATION 2 When a mother strokes her infant's skin, the stroking creates pleasure responses in the baby. After this goes on for many days, the baby begins to show pleasure responses simply at the sight of the mother (before even being touched). SITUATION 3 A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive at mealtimes. She grabs food from the plates of those sitting near her and tries to cram the food into her mouth. Because this behavior of stealing food is very undesirable, a plan is developed whereby every time the patient steals food from other plates, she is immediately taken to a room without food. SITUATION 4 Johnny has developed a habit of yelling "Bye, Mom" and then slamming the door very loudly in his hurry to leave for school in the morning. The door slam causes his mother to flinch. After several days of the procedure, Johnny's mother begins to flinch at the sound of her son's words, "Bye, Mom." SITUATION 5 Mr. and Mrs. Jones are having a heated argument that both are finding very unpleasant. Mrs. Jones gets up and leaves the room, closing the door behind her. This has the effect of terminating the argument. From then on, every time Mr. Jones raises his voice, Mrs. Jones leaves the room. Mr. Jones stops raising his voice. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

26. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Every correct response is reinforced Example: coke machine Partial Reinforcement Some, but not all, responses are reinforced Example: slot machine © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

28. Uses of Partial Reinforcement Shaping Reinforcements delivered for successive approximations of the desired response © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

29. MORE ABOUT PUNISHMENT... DECREASES the likelihood of a response © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

31. Side Effects of Punishment Passive aggressiveness Avoidance Inappropriate modeling Temporary suppression versus elimination Learned helplessness Increased aggression © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

32. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. SIDE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT 1.Passive aggressiveness For the recipient, punishment often leads to frustration, anger, and an urge to fight back. But most of us have learned from experience that retaliatory aggression toward a punisher (especially one who is bigger and more powerful) is usually followed by more punishment. We therefore tend to control our impulse toward open aggression and instead resort to more subtle techniques, such as showing up late or “forgetting” to do chores. This is a form of passive aggressiveness.

33. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 2. Avoidance No one likes to be punished, so we naturally try to avoid the punisher. If every time you come home a parent or spouse starts yelling at you, you will delay coming home or find another place to go. 3. Inappropriate modeling Have you ever seen a parent spank or hit a child for hitting another child? If so, the parent may unintentionally serve as a “model” for the same behavior he or she is attempting to stop.

34. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 4. Temporary suppression versus elimination Punishment generally suppresses the behavior only temporarily, while the punisher is nearby. For example, have you noticed how drivers immediately slow down when they see a nearby police car? And how quickly they later resume their previous speed once the police officer is out of sight?

35. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 5. Learned helplessness Why do some people stay in abusive relationships? Research shows that if you repeatedly fail in your attempts to escape or control your environment, you acquire a general sense of powerlessness or learned helplessness, and you may become depressed and make no further attempts to escape.

36. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 6. Increased aggression Because punishment often produces a decrease in undesired behavior, at least for the moment, the punisher is in effect rewarded for applying punishment. Thus, a vicious circle may be established in which both the punisher and recipient are reinforced for inappropriate behavior. In addition to fear and submissiveness, the recipient also might become depressed and/or respond with his or her own form of aggression.

37. Psychology at Work: using reinforcement and punishment Provide clear directions and feedback Use appropriate timing Be consistent Follow correct order of presentation Combine key learning principles © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. How do I motivate employees and increase productivity?

38. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

39. COGNITIVE-SOCIAL LEARNING Emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

40. Cognitive Learning Insight Learning—aha!! Sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution Latent Learning Hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Cognitive Maps Mental Image of a three- dimensional space that an organism has navigated WILEY VIDEO Drive Brain Power

41. Observational Learning Learning new behaviors or information by watching and imitating others (also know as social learning or modeling) Observational Learning © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

42. Four Key Factors in Observational Learning © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

43. BIOLOGY OF LEARNING © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

44. Neuroscience and Learning Living in enriched environments... Thicker cortex Increased nerve growth factor More developed synapses More dendritic branching Improved test performance... In rats © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning creates new synaptic connections in the cortex and wide network of brain structures! WILEY VIDEO Wiring the Brain

45. Evolution and Learning Biological Preparedness Innate readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses Example Taste Aversion Classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

46. Evolution and Learning Biological Constraints Conditioned responses shift (drift) back toward innate responses Example Instinctive Drift Conditioned responses shift (drift) back toward innate responses © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Can a chicken learn to play baseball?? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pS6p-7iW7Ow

47. Psychology in Everyday Life © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. WILEY VIDEO Alcohol and Ads

48. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Classical Conditioning

49. Psychology in Everyday Life © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

50. Psychology in Everyday Life © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

51. Psychology in Everyday Life: Operant Conditioning Gain attention and approval from others Increase one’s self-esteem at the expense of the victim People generalize from one negative experience with a specific group member to ALL members of the group Racist behavior is reinforced on an intermittent schedule and is highly resistant to extinction © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. How is being prejudiced reinforcing?

52. Psychology in Everyday Life: Operant Conditioning In biofeedback training: 1) internal bodily processes (like blood pressure or muscle tension) are electrically recorded 2) information is amplified and reported back to the patient through headphones, signal lights, and other means 3) this information helps the person learn to control bodily processes not normally under voluntary control © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Can we learn to control involuntary body responses?

53. Accidental Reinforcement and Superstitions © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

54. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xmx1qPyo8Ks Mirror Neurons

55. Multimedia CyberPsych Animations © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning (7:40) This animation briefly discusses and demonstrates Pavlov’s original research discovering the principles of classical conditioning in dogs, as well as discussing Watson’s research with Little Albert and the development of conditioned emotional responses (CERs) This animation briefly discusses and demonstrates Pavlov’s original research discovering the principles of classical conditioning in dogs, as well as discussing Watson’s research with Little Albert and the development of conditioned emotional responses (CERs).

56. Multimedia Web Video Ted Talks: Joshua Klein: The Intelligence of Crows (10:04) Hacker and writer Joshua Klein is fascinated by crows. (Notice the gleam of intelligence in their little black eyes?) After a long amateur study of corvid behavior, he's come up with an elegant machine that, using shaping, may form a new bond between animal and human. Many concepts in operant conditioning are evidenced in this superb presentation! National Geographic Videos: Chimp Outsmarts Tube (0:55) Researchers at Max Planck Institute capture an example of insight learning in a chimpanzee. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

57. Web Video The Big Bang Theory: Sheldon Trains Penny (2:45) In this clip from the Big Bang Theory in Season 3, Episode 3 (The Gothowitz Deviation) shows Sheldon training Penny using operant conditioning. Short, informative and FUNNY! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4 The Office: Jim Trains Dwight (1:00) In this very short clip, Jim trains Dwight to reach for an Altoid when the Windows ding on his computer sounds. Is it classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or a combination of both? Play this for your students and help then sort it out! http://vimeo.com/5371237 Original Footage of Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment (1:36) Watch this clear demonsration of observational learning in this original footage of Bandura’s experiment. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU I Want My Sweeties!! (the best condom commercial ever) (0:46) This brief commercial provides ample opportunity to talk about WHO is being positively or negatively reinforced! It also gives you an opportunity to discuss persuasion and the use of conditioned emotional response in advertising. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l5EYY_cyig Original Footage of Watson Conditioning Little Albert (6:21) This short video, developed by a psychology student, provides a wonderful tutorial about classical conditioning and conditional emotional responses, informed by original footage of Little Albert before, during and after conditioning. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. We know that YouTube videos are less stable  So we have not embedded them in the PPT slide show, but offer the links for your testing pleasure at the end, on this page. Multimedia