1. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Geography GCSE Revision Edexcel Specification A

2. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Getting Organised! E.G.MonTuesWedThuFriSatSun 16/04 23/04 30/04 07/05 14/05 21/05

3. CDunne/TYork (c)2008

4. Economic Activities: 1. Commercial and Subsistence Farming Systems 2. How Farming is Changing Economic World PRIMARY ACTIVITY Farming as a System Inputs Sunlight Rainfall / water supply Land / soil Labour (workforce) Capital (money) Seeds / fertiliser / pesticides animals Processes Cultivation of crops e.g. ploughing, irrigation Rearing of animals Outputs Crops Animals Animal products e.g. milk / meat Outputs: a)To sell b)Farmer’s own use Feedback Factors Affecting Farming Social & Economic Factors Labour Capital (money Technology Markets Government Environmental Factors Climate Relief Soil Do you know your case studies? Intensive Wet Rice Farming Philippines EU Changes in the UK (CAP) Types of Agriculture 1. Enterprise: Arable Pastoral Mixed 2. Intensity of Production: Intensive Extensive 3. Subsistence/Commercial CAP – Make sure you know what is this and what changes it brought: Diversification Set-aside Quotas List examples of other primary activities.

5. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Classification of Farming Specialisation Specialisation 1. Arable – 2. Pastoral – 3. Mixed – Economic Status: Economic Status: 1. Commercial farming - 2. Subsistence farming – Intensity of Land Use: Intensity of Land Use: 1. Extensive 2. Intensive

6. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Types of Farming – Global General Knowledge Type of FarmingExample Nomadic HuntingAborigines, Australia Nomadic herdingMaasai in Kenya Shifting cultivationAmerindians in Amazonia Intensive subsistence agricultureRice farming in the Ganges Delta Plantation agricultureSugar cane in Brazil Livestock ranching (commercial pastoral)Beef on the Pampas Cereal cultivationCanadian Prairies Mixed farmingNetherlands Mediterranean agricultureSouthern Italy IrrigationNile Valley, California UnsuitableSahara Desert

7. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Factors Affecting Farming Physical Factors ReliefSoils Rainfall Temperature

8. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Factors Affecting Farming Human Factors Government aid Fertiliser Mechanisation Marketing Size of farm Competition for land

9. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Common Agricultural Policy Created in 1962 Created in 1962 Aims: Aims: 1. To protect farmers’ incomes 2. To ensure reasonable and steady prices for consumers 3. To increase production to provide sufficient food supplies

10. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 CAP achieved by … 1. Grants and subsidies – money for farmers who farm in difficult areas 2. Price support – a guaranteed minimum price for agricultural produce (may cause surpluses Very expensive – sustainable?

11. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Case Study: How is Farming Changing? Home Farm, West Midlands Home Farm, West Midlands Set aside: Set aside: 1. EU funded scheme to reduce surpluses 2. Farmers are paid not to grow anything for 5 years (left fallow) 3. Payment = up to £300 per year! 4. Diversification to Caravans and B&B 5. Renting land out for Grazing

12. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Case Study: How is Farming Changing? Diversification: Diversification: 1. This is when farmers develop business initiatives other than farming 2. Examples: a) Barns converted in to holiday cottages, garden centres and farm shops b) Tea shops

13. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Case Study: How is Farming Changing? Agribusinesses: Agribusinesses: 1. Large-scale, highly efficient farms 2. Organised on scientific and business principles 3. Includes a chain of suppliers and retailers 4. Belongs to a group of other farms 5. Able to reduce cost of inputs – economies of scale

14. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Quick Quiz 1. Make a list of all the factors that affect farming – you mind find it easier to split them into physical and human factors. 2. What are: a) Arable farms b) Pastoral farms c) Mixed farms? 3. Explain what is meant by the following: a) Intensive farms b) Extensive farms c) Subsistence farms d) Commercial farms 4. What does CAP stand for? 5. What is diversification?

15. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Economic Activities: 1. The location of manufacturing industries 2. The location of distribution industries The Economic World – SECONDARY ACTIVITIES ©C Dunne 2005 Industry as a System Inputs Raw materials Land Labour Power Transport Capital (money) Processes Making the goods Process Packaging Distribution Outputs Finished product for the consumer or to other industries Waste products Profit or Loss Profit Reinvested Uganda UK Employment Structure – label and explain. The first ‘chunk’ is primary, the second secondary and the last tertiary. What other types of economic activity are there? Location of Industry Where? Why? Case Studies: Heavy industry e.g. iron & steel Industry Footloose Industry e.g. Hi-tech industry Distribution Industry e.g. Argos, Stafford Can you interpret a Triangular Graph?

16. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Location Factors What is needed? Large, flat site Raw materials Energy Transport (links) Labour Market

17. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 High-Tech Industries Bracknell Computer Development Why have they located here? (Where is it exactly?) Why have they located here? (Where is it exactly?) The following may give you a few clues but make sure you have re-read the case study. The following may give you a few clues but make sure you have re-read the case study. These may be described as ‘footloose’ because they are not really restricted by the location factors of raw materials e.g. pc factories These may be described as ‘footloose’ because they are not really restricted by the location factors of raw materials e.g. pc factories Tend to opt for locations near major route ways e.g. M4 / M11 corridors Tend to opt for locations near major route ways e.g. M4 / M11 corridors Also locate near university sites – research facilities Also locate near university sites – research facilities Would prefer sites that area aesthetically pleasing for their workers Would prefer sites that area aesthetically pleasing for their workers YOU NEED TO KNOW THIS CASE STUDY!

18. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Formal and Informal sectors What are the differences? What are the differences? What characterises an informal sector job? What characterises an informal sector job? What is the advantage of a formal sector job? What is the advantage of a formal sector job?

19. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Some industries are classed as Heavy Industry e.g. Iron and steel South Wales – e.g. Ebbw Vale, Merthyr Tydfil South Wales – e.g. Ebbw Vale, Merthyr Tydfil Natural Advantages: Natural Advantages: 1. Coalfields 2. Limestone 3. Iron ore 4. Flat site (of Valley) 5. River (Rhonnda) – cooling finished product 6. Local settlements – work force 7. Port (gateway to the British Empire – market) 8. These areas are where industry used to be but then it moved for several reasons.

20. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 How did location factors change? Empire countries gained independence – more competition; market not as strong Empire countries gained independence – more competition; market not as strong Coal and iron ore reserves were becoming exhausted (running out!); seams were too thin to mine or inaccessible (making it more expensive to mine) Coal and iron ore reserves were becoming exhausted (running out!); seams were too thin to mine or inaccessible (making it more expensive to mine) Original valley site not big enough for modern factories Original valley site not big enough for modern factories Coastal areas were better as they were the areas where relatively cheap imported materials were coming in Coastal areas were better as they were the areas where relatively cheap imported materials were coming in There were better places in the world to make things that were cheaper – Place like Britain got rid of lots of their industries to countries like Brazil. There were better places in the world to make things that were cheaper – Place like Britain got rid of lots of their industries to countries like Brazil.

21. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Brazil - Fiat What is a Trans National Company (TNC) What is a Trans National Company (TNC) Why did Fiat move from Italy to Brazil? Why did Fiat move from Italy to Brazil? Why did Fiat expand in Brazil? Why did Fiat expand in Brazil?

22. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Bonus Knowledge The Decline of Manufacturing De-industrialisation – the growing importance of tertiary (Service and Tourism) and quaternary (High tech Research and Development e.g. NASA) industries De-industrialisation – the growing importance of tertiary (Service and Tourism) and quaternary (High tech Research and Development e.g. NASA) industries Port Talbot steelworks is the only one remaining in Wales; Llanwern steelworks closed in 2001 (1300 jobs lost)

23. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 The Reason for the Decline Globalisation: Globalisation: 1. many companies compete on a global scale 2. competition is strong 3. constantly looking for cheaper raw materials and/or manufactured goods

24. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 The Consequences Coal mine / steel works close Coal mine / steel works close High unemployment High unemployment People have less money to spend on goods and services People have less money to spend on goods and services Fewer taxes and business rates paid to the council Fewer taxes and business rates paid to the council Less investment by council for education, schools and other key services Less investment by council for education, schools and other key services Young people leave school with fewer/poorer qualifications Young people leave school with fewer/poorer qualifications People have more time, less opportunities, less money People have more time, less opportunities, less money Petty crime often increases Petty crime often increases Environmental decline Environmental decline

25. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Political Responses Development areas – government gives financial assistance (in what forms?) Development areas – government gives financial assistance (in what forms?) Encouragement of new industries in the area of decline: Encouragement of new industries in the area of decline: 1. Retail parks – using the old steelworks site (a bit like Bluewater – old gravel pit) 2. Tourism – heritage site / museum 3. Manufacturing (hi-tech) – LG now located there (but this brings with it other problems. Can you think of any?)

26. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Distribution Industries E.g. Argos Warehouse, Staffordshire E.g. Argos Warehouse, Staffordshire Central location Central location Can reach any of their stores by over- night delivery Can reach any of their stores by over- night delivery Located on the junction 34/A51 on the M6 Located on the junction 34/A51 on the M6 Lots of space to house the huge warehouse Lots of space to house the huge warehouse

27. CDunne/TYork (c)2008 Quick Quiz Name the 4 types of industry Name the 4 types of industry How does this classification help when talking about the employment structure and development of a country? How does this classification help when talking about the employment structure and development of a country? Briefly define/explain the term system Briefly define/explain the term system List the important factors when considering the location of industry List the important factors when considering the location of industry What is heavy industry? What is heavy industry? Which case study? Where? Why? What happened? Which case study? Where? Why? What happened? What is a footloose industry? What is a footloose industry?