2. North African History and Culture Early Peoples - Chapter 21:2a -

3. The Greek historian Herodotus once referred to Egypt as being “the Gift of the Nile.” [Image source: http://www.williston.k12.nd.us/larsen/Unit3%20Egypt/Herodot2.htm]

4. Satellite remote- sensing image of Egypt, showing the Nile River Valley.

5. The rich alluvial soil of the river and the delta provided good farm land for the people of Egypt. [Image source: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/6539/pic.htm]

6. Early Egyptians took up farming and grew cereal crops such as wheat and barley. The Nile also provided Neolithic farmers with ducks and geese in its marshlands and fish in its waters.

7. [Image source: http://www.uk.sis.gov.eg/pharo/html/bountfrm.htm]

11. [Image source: http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/COSTUME1_INDEX.HTML#Plate1] Over time, strong leaders united these villages into kingdoms, or monarchies, each under the unrestricted ruled of a powerful king.

12. By 4000 B.C., ancient Egypt consisted of two large kingdoms...

13. Lower Egypt in the north, in the Nile Delta, and... [Image source: http://www.library.nwu.edu/class/history/B94/delta185.gif]

14. Upper Egypt in the south, in the Nile River Valley. [Image source: http://www.library.nwu.edu/class/history/B94/upegnom.gif]

15. King Narmer (Menes) of Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt and unified the country circa 3000 B.C. [Image source: http://campus.northpark.edu/history//Classes/Sources/Narmar.html]

16. The unification of Upper and Lower Egypt can be seen in the combination of the two crowns. [Image source: http://www.lib.ohio- state.edu/OSU_profile/bslweb/afancient.html]

17. Narmer (Menes) ruled the unified kingdom of Egypt from his new capital, Memphis, which he built on the border between the two kingdoms. Memphis

18. King Narmer (Menes) established the first dynasty, or line of rulers from one family. [Image source: http://campus.northpark.edu/history//Classes/Sources/Narmar.html]

19. Historians have organized ancient Egyptian dynasties into three great periods: Old Kingdom (2700 to 2200 B.C.) Middle Kingdom (2050 to 1800 B.C.) New Kingdom (1600 to 300 B.C.)

20. A strong, centralized national government developed under the Egyptian pharaohs. [Image source: http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/COSTUME1_INDEX.HTML#Plate1]

21. The title pharaoh means “great house.” [Image source: http://www.unites.uqam.ca/dhist/pagesp/pagemg3.htm]

22. Egyptian society revolved around providing for the “great house.” [Image source: http://www.library.nwu.edu/class/history/B94/society.gif]

23. Egypt was a theocracy, where the pharaoh was both the religious and political leader of Egypt. [Image source: http://www.pharaonicarts.com/ramses-horus.htm]

24. To honour their god-kings, Egyptians built “houses of eternity,” or pyramids, to entomb their remains. [http://web.kyoto-inet.or.jp./org/orion/eng/hst/egypt/giza.html]

25. Egyptians developed one of the earliest systems of writing, known as hieroglyphs.

26. The discovery of the Rosetta Stone in A.D. 1799 by allowed later scholars to decipher hieroglyphs. [Image source: http://www.bc- freemasonry.com/biography/champollion_jf/rosetta.ht ml]

28. Egyptian priests worked out a 365 day calendar that made it possible to predict the annual inundation.

29. Between 1570 and 1085 B.C., Egypt expanded its power through conquest.

30. Egypt conquered Israel and parts of Syria to the northeast, and Libya to the west.

31. Thutmose III captured the important town of Megiddo which controlled the trade routes. [Image source: http://www.eyelid.co.uk/k-q3.htm]

32. Egypt’s power began to decline when it came into competition with sea powers like the Phoenicians. Phoenicians

33. The Phoenicians established a network of trading posts and colonies throughout the Mediterranean Basin. [Source: World History: Patterns of Civilization (Prentice-Hall]

34. -Ezekiel 27:32b-33 “Who was ever... like Tyre in the midst of the sea? When your wares came from the seas, you satisfied many peoples; with your great abundance and merchandise you enriched the kings of the earth.”

35. Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, conquered Egypt in the late-300s B.C., as he dismantled the once mighty Persian Empire.

36. http://1stmuse.com/frames/alex-synopsys.html#Granicus Alexander would build a city in Egypt and name it after himself.

37. The Romans would later absorb Egypt into its growing empire in the late-first century B.C.

38. After the Roman Empire was divided in A.D. 395, the eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire. [Image source: http://www.american.edu/dgolash/romanemp400ad5.jpg]

39. The Eastern Roman Empire managed to escape many of the barbarian invasions that threatened the stability of the West.