1. Soil Water Temperature Soil Water Biological Performance (abundance, growth, survival) Temperature Soil Water Light Low High 100% 75% 50% 25% 0 % Growth Figure 20.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. OakNorthern PineSpruce 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0 500100015002000500 1000 1500 2000 Annual Precipitation (mm) July Temperature ( o C) 30 40 0 10 30 20 0 10 20 30 20 10 30 0 10 20 30 40 20 10 30 0 0 10 0 Figure 20.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. 6001000140018002200 Annual Precipitation (mm) 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 Annual Mean Temperature (  C) 0.01 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.01 Probability Of Occurrence Figure 20.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. Shade Tolerance HighLow Drought Tolerance High Low 12345 6789 101112 13 14 15 Shade Tolerance HighLow Drought Tolerance High Low Decreasing Maximum Growth Rate Biomass Low High Soil Moisture Wet Dry 1 6 10 13 15 Biomass Low High Soil Moisture Wet Dry 1 6 10 13 15 Figure 20.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. 0 5 10 15 20 25 01-Oct-6331-Oct-6330-Nov-63 30-Dec-63 29-Jan-64 28-Feb-6429-Mar-64 28-Apr-64 28-May-64 27-Jun-64 27-Jul-64 Number Of Main Roots Wheatgrass Cheatgrass 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SparseModerateDense Density Of Cheatgrass Number Of Survivors (per m 2 ) Height (cm) Density - June Density - October Height - June 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 Maximum Root Length (cm) Wheatgrass 273 Cheatgrass Wheatgrass 49 224 Cheatgrass Wheatgrass 136 Cheatgrass Wheatgrass 224 49 Cheatgrass 273 Number Of Plants Figure 20.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. 051015202530 Field B Field C Litter C:N Ratio 10 20 30 40 50 60 Nitrogen Addition (g m -2 yr -1 ) 051015202530 0 5 10 15 20 30 25 Net Carbon Storage (g C g N -1 ) Fields B, C Nitrogen Addition (g m -2 yr -1 ) 051015202530 Field B Field C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C 4 Biomass (%) Nitrogen Addition (g m -2 yr -1 ) 051015202530 Field B Field C Species Richness 10 0 5 15 20 Nitrogen Addition (g m -2 yr -1 ) Figure 20.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7. 0 20 40 60 80 40060080010001200140016001800 Elevation (m) Percent Of Stand American beech 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40060080010001200140016001800 Elevation (m) Percent Of Stand Yellow poplarYellow birchMountain silverbell Sugar mapleWhite basswoodYellow buckeye Figure 20.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8. Figure 20.8 0 20 40 60 80 40060080010001200140016001800 Elevation (m) Percent Of Stand Blackjack oakVirginia pine Pitch pine Scarlet oak Table mountain pine Chestnut oak Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9. F B SF ROC CF P OH ROC OCF OCH P B, beech forest Xeric Dry Moderately dry Mesic Cold Moderately wet CF, cove forest F, Fraser fir forest HB GB OCH, chestnut oak-chestnut (dead) heath OH, oak-hickory forest P, pine forest and heath ROC, red oak-chestnut (dead) forest SF, spruce-fir forest OCF, chestnut oak-chestnut (dead) forest GB, grassy bald HB, heath bald H, hemlock forest OCH H H H OH SF 1981 m (6500 ft) 1676 m (5500 ft) Figure 20.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10. 1 10 100 05101520 Species Rank Percent Of Stand Beech forest Cove forest Yellow buckeye Beech Mountain silverbell White basswood Sugar maple Yellow birch Hemlock Yellow buckeye Sweet birch Yellow birch Mtn silverbell White ash Striped maple Red maple Chestnut (dead) Figure 20.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11. Red Oak- Pignut Hickory Forest White Basswood Pitch Pine Heath 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 Virginia Pine Forest Table Mountain Pine Heath Grassy Bald White Oak- Chestnut Forest Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Heath Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Forest Red Oak- Pignut Hickory Forest Cove Forests Hemlock Forest Beech Forest Mesic Type Sedge Type CovesFlatsDrawsSheltered Slopes Open SlopesRidges And Peaks CanyonsRavines MesicXeric Elevation (feet) Heath Bald Red Oak-Chestnut Forest 20 10 1 Chestnut Oak Pitch Pine Heath Virginia Pine Forest Table Mountain Pine Heath Grassy Bald White Oak- Chestnut Forest Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Heath Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Forest Red Oak- Pignut Hickory Forest Cove Forests Hemlock Forest Beech Forest Mesic Type Sedge Type CovesFlatsDrawsSheltered Slopes Open SlopesRidges And Peaks CanyonsRavines 457 610 762 914 1067 1219 1372 1524 1676 1829 1981 MesicXeric Elevation (meters) Heath Bald Red Oak- Chestnut Forest 1 5 5 1 10 20 10 Eastern Hemlock Pitch Pine Heath 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 Virginia Pine Forest Table Mountain Pine Heath Grassy Bald White Oak- Chestnut Forest Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Heath Hemlock Forest Beech Forest Sedge Type CovesFlatsDrawsSheltered Slopes Open SlopesRidges And Peaks CanyonsRavines MesicXeric Elevation (feet) Heath Bald Red Oak-Chestnut Forest 0.5 1 1 10 20 Pitch Pine Heath Virginia Pine Forest Table Mountain Pine Heath Grassy Bald White Oak- Chestnut Forest Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Heath Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Forest Red Oak- Pignut Hickory Forest Cove Forests Hemlock Forest Beech Forest Mesic Type Sedge Type CovesFlatsDrawsSheltered Slopes Open SlopesRidges And Peaks CanyonsRavines 457 610 762 914 1067 1219 1372 1524 1676 1829 1981 MesicXeric Elevation (meters) Heath Bald Red Oak-Chestnut Forest Red Maple 10 5 5 20 10 5 50 1 Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Forest Cove Forests Mesic Type Figure 20.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan