1. What is an Agency? An agency is “a legal relationship whereby one person acts for another.” The person from whom the agent gets authority is the principal The person who acts for another is the agent

2. Features of an Agency This relationship binds third parties Competency is only applicable to the principal. The principal must have the contractual capacity to employ an agent Consideration is not necessary Agents do not need contractual capacity as they could be minors or persons of unsound mind

3. Agency Test  Necessary authority  Every person who acts on someone’s behalf is not an Agent Delicious is a lap-dancer at Jiggle Gentleman’s Club. She had to work a minimum number of shifts per week and was paid per shift and per private room session. The owner of Jiggle never paid taxes on the dancers’ services, so the government went after them. Are they agents or employees? Spearmint Rhino Ventures (UK) Ltd. v Revenue & Customs Commissioners (2007)

4. Creation of Agency Agency can be created by: 1. Contract (express or implied, oral or written) – Hely Hutchinson v Brayhead (1968) The Chairman and Chief Executive of a company acted as the de facto Managing Director although he had never been formally appointed to that position. He entered into a contract on behalf of the company which attempted to bind a third party and the company. The third party tried to enforce the contract, but the company claimed that the chairman was acting outside the scope of his authority Held: Though the director had no authority as chairman, he DID have implied authority as the CEO, and thus the contract was binding on the company. As such the director COULD bind his company on the basis of implied authority.

5. Implied v Expressed Instructions The implied authority can exceed the expressed authority ONLY if it does not contradict an expressed limitation that is communicated to a third party Watteau v Fenwick (1893) Facts: the new owners of a hotel continued to employ the previous owner as manager. They expressly forbade him to buy certain products including cigars. However, the manager did buy cigars from a third party, who then sued the new owners as the manager’s principal for non-payment Held: that the buying of cigars was WITHIN the usual authority for a manager of such an establishment, and that if that authority was limited then it MUST be communicated to the third party

6. Creation of Agency 2. Ratification (Principal confirms and accepts unauthorised acts by the Agent)  An agent who was appointed has exceeded his authority or  A person who has no authority to act for the principal has acted as if he has the authority. 3. Estoppel (a person allows another to act for him/her to such an extent that a third party reasonably believes that an agency relationship exists)  Barrett v Deere (1828) 4. Necessity (a person acts for another in an emergency situation without express authority to do so)  Sachs v Miklos (1948)

7. Requirements for necessity 1. While one party has possession of another party’s goods an emergency occurs 2. This forces that party to take action regarding the goods for the benefit of their owner 3. It is impossible to communicate with the owner first (constructive notice)

8. Classification of Agents Universal Agent – Unlimited authority General Agent – Authorised only to act within the trade or business of the principal Special Agent – Only authorised for a specific transaction

9. Examples of Agents Power-of-Attorney Estate Agents Insurance Brokers Sports Agents Sales Staff?

10. Powers of Agents To enter into a binding contract with a third party To buy goods To hire To sell goods or property To agree contractual terms

11. Duties of Agents Unless modified by contract, agents generally owe the following duties to their principals: Duty to obey instructions provided by the principal Duty to notify and give information Duty to act with skill – Chaudhry v Prabhakar [1988]: Prabhakar was trusted with choosing a car for Chaudhry that was not in an accident.

12. Duties of Agents (2) Duty to protect confidential information Duty of Personal Performance – cannot delegate duties to third party Duty to account for monies spent Duty of loyalty and to avoid conflicts of interest Boardman v Phipps [1967]: Lawyer of family trust and a beneficiary made a good business choice to save company left in will.

13. When Principal won’t be liable Where the terms excludes agency relationships Said v Butt [1920] – Theatre owner refused his entry Third party wanted to contract with agent personally Greer v Downs [1926]