1. Hydro-social Issues in the FIRMA project Thomas E. Downing Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford

2. Objectives Introduce broad themes in water policy that are relevant to the FIRMA project Demonstrate various means of participatory learning Coalesce on standard terms and definitions for the project

3. Agenda Background material EU water directive Glossary Literature Introduction to hydro-social issues Agenda setting for further elaboration Meta-model exercise Case study on institutional analysis of water issues Log sheet

4. Key literature and sources of information SIRCH project: www.eci.ox.ac.uk Working papers on institutional analysis, stakeholders Descriptions of drought/floods in southern England, Netherlands and southern Spain Eurowater project Two volumes edited by Nunes Correra EU water issues summary fact sheets: //europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/... summary of directive: //europa.eu.int/water/water-framework/index_en.html …

5. What is a hydro-social issue? Interactions of hydrology, management and consumers Recurring issues Affected by long-term trends in socio- economic conditions Driven by EU policy Relating to national policy

6. Traditional framing of issues: Hydrological/hydraulic What is the expected yield of a catchment? Engineering How much water leaks from the distribution system? How can leakage be reduced? Management What is the economic level of leakage?

7. Linking social to hydrological: How will new investment in water infrastructure be agreed? How can local management structures balance competing uses? How will stakeholders negotiate water entitlements in different conditions of water availability, especially scarcity? How will consumers respond to periodic water shortages, or to increasing environmental concerns?

8. Global change

9. Stakeholders

10. Integrating flow attributes and requirements SOCIO-INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES FLOW ATTRIBUTES FLOW REQUIREMENTS OUTCOMES RESPONSES Reactive Precautionary Proactive

11. Inventory of issues: Carousel Four stations on defined themes Moderator selected for each station Small group visits each topic in succession Report back to everyone 30 minutes total

12. Groups on: Global change EU policy--the water directive National and local issues in the Mediterranean National and local issues in northern Europe

13. Steps: List hydro-social issues for this topic Review and add to list from previous group Provide examples of the issues--where, who Rank in order of importance in Europe

14. Inventory Three stars Extreme events: drought/floods, infrastructure cross national issues--extreme events, pollution, flooding scarcity of water supply full recover costs pricing institutions for conflict resolutions industrial pollution conflicts on water management agricultural pollution

15. Catalogue Chose issues as the core set to work on Relate groups of issues to analytical methods Lead institutes for further development Background note on issue (1 page) Examples in literature and case study areas (1 page) Suggestions for modelling

16. Analysis What is the policy issue? Where is it most apparent? Who are the stakeholders? What is the range of effective action? What are the relationships between stakeholders?

17. Conclusion

18. Results from four themes Global change European Union policy Northern Europe Southern Europe

19. Global change (1) Emergence of water rights (UK, California) Water scarcity--droughts, floods Climate change--management Conflicts over water--access Pollution--chemical, agricultural, industrial, hygienic Institutions Land use changes (Spain, afforestation) Changing perceptions of risk Empowerment of stakeholders--EU directive Demographic change--single person households

20. Global change (2) Precautionary action--global warming shift in value systems Hydro-biological change Agricultural practices Technological change--better control of water flows Lower credibility of experts--reflexive modernisation, e.g., Shell Brent Spar Virtual water/food trade

21. European Union policy (1) River basin management Full recovery costs (pricing)--regulation vs markets Good ecological quality Inland navigation Drinking water quality Fishing Tourism

22. European Union policy (2) Sustainable management--costs, benefits Subsidiarity--agreement for quantity not quality or drinking water Quantity Flood and drought management Theoretical basis of policy analysis Major accidents--toxic spills Conflict resolutions principles

23. Northern Europe Flooding and high water (Rhine) Agricultural pollution (Norfolk Broads) Industrial pollution Ecosystem deterioration--rivers, estuaries, seashores Drinking water quality (Rhine/Meuse) Up/downstream water management and conflicts (Rhune, Wye) Law enforcement and penalties (Camelsford and pollution of drinking water, nuclear discharges) Fish farming Navigation and transportation Cross-national issues (Rhine, Meuse)

24. Southern Europe Drought, lack of rain (Balearics) Altered floods and drought Pollution with pesticides Scarcity of water supply (urban) (Barcelona) Too many tourists--demand for quantity and quality; pollution (Venice) Transfer between basins Coordinate public and private Farm production--irrigation, changing practices (SW France) How to induce changes Infrastructure to cope with extreme events (Venice, Majorca)