1. Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats
By Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal, Jean Decety and Peggy Mason
Presented by
Anna Sherman-Weiss

2. What is being tested? What is empathy? What is Pro-Social Behavior?
Human Pro-Social Behavior is driven by empathic concern for another. Is the same true for non-primate mammals?
What is Pro-Social Behavior?
The act of helping another being with no other motive then to help
To “benefit other people or society as a whole”
What is empathy?
Beyond basic level of emotional contagion
“Emotional response elicited by and congruent to with the perceived welfare of an individual in distress”
Pro-social behavior is emphatically driven when the emotional response can be down-graded so that it doesn’t prevent the empathic being from helping the one in need

3. How is it being tested? Test 2: The effect of an individual’s boldness
Test 1: The effect of a trapped cagemate on pro-social motivation
Controls: Empty restrainer, restrainer with toy rat, one rat with an empty restrainer separated from another free rat by a perforated divider.
*Rats were housed together 2 weeks before testing
Test 2: The effect of an individual’s boldness
Test 3: The effect of anticipation of social interaction
Test 4: The relative value of liberating a cagemate (rat vs chocolate chips)

4. What did they find? Test 1: Door-Opening Method
Average time to open the cage: 6.9±2.9 days
Rats with live cagemates moved faster and spent more time by the restrainer – more motivated to assist a rat in need
Rats learned- number of rats opening the restrainers increased, the speed to open the door decreased and the reaction to opening decreased with time
Rat activity increased after cagemate was freed  major event
Door-Opening Method
1. Tipping door from side
2. Tipping door from top
3. Pushing it with their heads
On days only with head (anticipated a specific outcome achieved by a deliberate tactic

5. What did they find? Test 1 cont. Ultrasonic Vocalizations
More alarm calls were recorded when a living cagemate was present
More often in the beginning (20-27%) days 1-3
Day 1: 90% of calls emitted by trapped, stressed rat, others are unidentifiable
Male vs Female
A higher rate of female mice became door openers (6/6 vs 17/24)
Female rats opened the restrainers faster than males (days 7-12)
Female rats were more active than males in only the trapped condition
Females more empathetic?

6. What did they find? Test 2: Individual Boldness
Tested quickness to explore a half-opened cage prior to testing
Correlation between the two – boldness is a possible factor in pro-social behavior expression

7. What did they find?
Test 3: Anticipation of Social Interaction as a Motive
Set-up: trapped animal could only exit into a different arena
Step 1: Exposed to trapped condition
Step 2: Put in either an arena with an empty restrainer or a contained (separate) cagemate
Step 3: Switched conditions
Exposed to separated cagemate: continued to open door at same rate as trapped condition
Exposed to separated empty restrainer: stopped opening the door
Opened cages with rats even without social contact suggesting it is not a motive

8. What did they find?
Test 4: The Relative Value of Liberating a Cagemate (Rat vs Chocolate)
Evaluated value of food reward: non-food-deprived rate ate an average of >7 chips and no rat food
Chocolate/Cagemate Condition: No difference in the door-opening latency for both restrainers (days 6-12)
Chocolate/Empty Condition: Opened chocolate faster
Suggested that chips and fellow rats are considered relatively equal.
Rats share!
In 52% of all trials and 61% on days 6-12.
When no cagemate, rat ate an average of 4.8± 0.7 chips out of 5
With a cagemate, free rats ate 3.5±1.5 chips

9. What does it mean?
Not enough rat alarm noises to support the idea that the rats just wanted to stop the alarm calls
Curiosity wouldn’t have lasted a month
Latency to open the door decreased and it is not an easy task making the reason of coincidence with high activity seem unlikely
They conclude: rats free cagemates to end their personal and/or peer’s distress. Emotional motive drives the pro- social behavior.

10. So what? Why is it important?
Rats exhibit pro-social behavior when they recognize a conspecific experiencing nonpainful psychological restraint stress and deliberately act to end that distress (no training or rewards)
Pro-social behavior helps to promote the well-being of a population and gene pool
A supportive community, taking care of each other when an individual or group is in need, ensures survival and the passing on of desirable genes

11. Concluding Questions
What difference does it make if non-primates have empathy as well?
Does the difference between male and female rats’ opening rates make you consider the empathy and gender any differently? Is it more nature than we realize?
What would the outcomes be if the rats had not become been housed together two weeks prior to testing?
At a certain does this form of empathy go against natural selection? (Freeing a stupid rat to make stupid rat babies, not taking all the chocolate for oneself) Or is this altruistic, pro-social action “a pact” guaranteeing a helpful relationship in the future?

12. Bibliography