1. Law of Supply MICROECONOMICS SSEMI2 Students will explain how the Law of Supply, prices, and profit work to determine production and distribution in an economy

2. Households supply firms with land, labor, and capital. Firms supply households with goods and services. EXPENDITURES WAGES, INTEREST, NET PROFIT Product market Factor market (Resource Market) REVENUE House-hold INCOME.

3. Law of Supply Law of Supply- refers to the relationship between price and the quantity of a good or service that firms are willing to produce. The higher the price of the product leads to more supplies and more companies making the product. Price As price increases… Supply Quantity supplied increases Price As price falls… Supply Quantity supplied falls

4. Example: Ms. Yeomans needs some pencils for school –At Walmart, she finds a box of 12 pencils is $1 –This is such a great price she decides to buy 5 boxes! –As she is going to the register she sees that all office supplies are on sale!!! –This is great! She hurries back to grab 3 more boxes! –Why did she buy more? $1

5. Example: –Cardinal Diner makes and sells gingerbread cookies –It costs them 10¢ to make the cookies so they have to charge at least 10¢ for them. –They don’t make any money at this price though so they don’t make very many cookies. –If they can charge 20¢ per cookie they will make 100 cookies to sell –If they can charge 30¢ per cookie they will make 200 cookies to sell –Why do they make more?

6. How do we know what price will eventually be charged? –We use a Supply schedule and a Demand schedule A list of quantity supplied and quantity demand at a range of prices Example: –Chicken sandwiches At $1 consumers will demand 43 chicken sandwiches but producers will only supply 1 Quantity Supplied PriceQuantit y Deman d 49$74 39$68 29$513 19$419 12$326 5$234 1$143

7. How does the Law of Supply work? Quantity supplied- describes how much of a good is offered for sale at a specific price. Elasticity of supply- is a measure of the way a quantity supplied reacts to a change in price, it is very sensitive.Elasticity of supply- 1. Inelastic- 1. Inelastic- not sensitive to changes in prices. (Bread) 2. What effects Elasticity?- TIME, in the short term a firm can not change its supply level, but in the long term a firm is more flexible. Supply Curve- is a graph of the quantity supplied of a good by all suppliers at different prices. ALWAYS GOING UP

8. Market Supply Schedule Market supply schedule- is a chart that lists how much of a good all suppliers will offer at different prices $.501,000 Price per slice of pizzaSlices supplied per day Market Supply Schedule $1.001,500 $1.502,000 $2.002,500 $2.503,000 $3.003,500

9. Market Supply Curve Price (in dollars) Output (slices per day) 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00.50 0 0500100015002000250030003500 Supply

10. Cost of Production Firms- always look at how the number of workers they hire will affect production. 1. Marginal Cost of Production- represents the change in output for hiring one additional workerMarginal Cost of Production- Marginal Product of Labor Labor (number of workers) Output (beanbags per hour) Marginal product of labor 00— 144 2106 3177 4236 5285 6313 7321 831–1

11. Increasing, Diminishing, and Negative Marginal Returns Labor (number of workers) Marginal Product of labor (beanbags per hour) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 Diminishing marginal returns- occurs when marginal production levels decrease with new investment. 4567 Diminishing marginal returns Negative marginal returns- occurs when the marginal product of labor becomes negative. 89 Negative marginal returns Marginal Returns 123 Increasing marginal returns Increasing marginal returns- occurs when marginal production levels increase with new investment.

12. Production Costs Fixed cost- is a cost that does not change, regardless of how much of a good is produced.Fixed cost- 1.Examples: Rent & Salaries Variable costs- are costs that rise or fall depending on how much is produced.Variable costs- 1. Examples: costs of raw materials & some labor costs. Total cost- is the fixed costs plus variable costs.

13. Production Costs and Supply Changes- any change in the cost of an input such as raw materials, labor, cost.Changes- 1. Increase- 1. Increase- a rise in cost will cause a fall in supply as the product becomes more expensive to make 2. Decrease- 2. Decrease- the fall of input costs causes supplies to increase.

14. Government Subsidies and Supply Subsidy- is a government payment that supports a business or market. Subsidies cause the supply of a good to increase. Examples 1. Paying farmers not to farm a piece of landPaying farmers not to farm a piece of land 2. Fannie Mae and CitigroupFannie Mae Citigroup 3. Japanese Banks

15. Government Regulation and Supply Regulation- occurs when the government steps into a market to affect the price, quantity, or quality of a good. Regulation usually raises costs. Examples 1. Automobile Industry (Emissions)(Emissions) 2. Banks (minimum in their savings) 3. Insurance Industry (failed regulations)Insurance Industry

16. The Excise Tax and Supply Excise Tax- tax on the production or sale of a good. This increases production costs by adding extra costs for every item sold. Causes the supply of the item to decrease on all levels. Examples- some are used to discourage the buying of a good considered harmful to the public good. 1. Cigarettes 2. Alcohol 3. Tariff on Imported Goods (Foreign Food) makes them more expensive to buy

17. The Global Economy and Supply The Global Economy- The supply of imported goods and services has an impact on the supply of the same goods and services here. 1. Government Actions- if the government imposes a ban or restriction on the import of a product than the supply curve shifts left on all prices Examples 1. Clothes- 1. Clothes- U.S. imports clothes from China, wages go up in China, decreasing the supply. Supply curve goes left because costs have increased 2. Toyota- 2. Toyota- new technology cuts the costs of producing cars- increases the supply of cars here. Supply curve goes right costs have fallen

18. Future Expectations and Supply Future Expectations of Prices- Expectations of higher prices will reduce supply now and increase supply later. Expectations of lower prices will have the opposite effect. 1. Inflation- 1. Inflation- is the condition that the value of the cash in your pockets decreases as prices rise. This can cause supply to fall dramatically. (GREED from PRODUCERS)prices rise Examples 1. Farmers- Corn prices are expected to go up next year- What do you do? 2. Gas Stations- A hurricane is going to hit and cause a shortage- What do you do?Gas Stations- What do you do? 3. Farmer- Corn is expected to go down next year- What do you do?

19. The Number of Suppliers and Supply Number of Suppliers- if more firms enter a market and sell a good the supply increases, if more leave the supply decreases. Examples- 1. Pizza Store- Fat Tony’s is the only one in town and he sells his pies for $17. The Papa John’s, Pizza Hut and Original Fat Tony’s open up. What happens to the cost of pies?