1. Chapter 1 – Introduction to Castro Part 2

2. How to study the Ocean?

4. History of Marine Exploration 4000 BC Polynesians and Egyptians sailing 600 BC Phoenicians explore 450-150 BC Greeks develop maps of sea, measure latitude, estimate global circumference Longitude? Sun “moves 15°/hour if you don’t move east or west. If you do move, then change the “time zone”. Compare local time to origin time to get longitude.

5. History of Marine Exploration 300 AD Chinese develop magnetic compass 900 - 1430 AD Vikings explore Greenland, Newfoundland 1400 China Explores and may extend to Africa and Americas 1500 Columbus finds “West Indies” (Caribbean) 1520 Magellan circumnavigates 1770 Capt. Cook explores Pacific (chronometer) 1830 Darwin sailed world and studied corals, barnacles 1830 Wilkes (USA) explores Pacific and returns with samples 1870 HMS Challenger world tour

6. HMS Challenger 1872- 1876 The 3.5 year voyage collected an enormous amount of data, took 19 years to publish 50 volumes.

7. Marine Stations in USA Monterey Bay Aquarium and Research Institute

8. Marine Stations in USA Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute

9. Marine Stations in USA Scripps Institute of Oceanography

10. Marine Stations in USA Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

11. Marine Stations in USA College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution Monterey Bay Aquarium and Research Institute Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Scripps Institute of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography University of Washington School of Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionCollege of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution Monterey Bay Aquarium and Research Institute Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Scripps Institute of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography University of Washington School of Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution