1. 11 MANAGING DISK STORAGE Chapter 12

2. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE2 CHAPTER OVERVIEW  Understand disk-storage concepts and terminology.  Distinguish between basic and dynamic storage.  Identify the types of storage volumes supported on Windows Server 2003 managed disks.  Identify the best RAID implementation given a particular storage requirement in terms of capacity utilization, fault tolerance, and performance.  Add storage to a Windows Server 2003 computer.  Manage disks using Check Disk, Disk Defragmenter, and disk quotas.  Understand disk-storage concepts and terminology.  Distinguish between basic and dynamic storage.  Identify the types of storage volumes supported on Windows Server 2003 managed disks.  Identify the best RAID implementation given a particular storage requirement in terms of capacity utilization, fault tolerance, and performance.  Add storage to a Windows Server 2003 computer.  Manage disks using Check Disk, Disk Defragmenter, and disk quotas.

3. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE3 UNDERSTANDING WINDOWS SERVER 2003 DISK STORAGE  Disk The physical device Numbered Disk 0,1,2,3,etc  Partition An area of the disk that functions as a physically separate unit of storage You must partition a disk before you can use it to store data  Volume An area of a partition used for storing data A volume is sometimes called a logical drive.  You can have multiple volumes in a single partition  You can have a single volume made up out of disk space from multiple partitions. This will consolidate disk space into a “pool” which will be represented by ONE drive letter.  You are only capable of creating 4 partitions on a basic disk. Information about the location and size of each partition is stored in the partition table of the Master Boot Record (MBR).  A basic disk can have only ONE extended partition. A primary partition can be marked as active so the computer can “look” there for the boot files needed to load the operating system.  Disk The physical device Numbered Disk 0,1,2,3,etc  Partition An area of the disk that functions as a physically separate unit of storage You must partition a disk before you can use it to store data  Volume An area of a partition used for storing data A volume is sometimes called a logical drive.  You can have multiple volumes in a single partition  You can have a single volume made up out of disk space from multiple partitions. This will consolidate disk space into a “pool” which will be represented by ONE drive letter.  You are only capable of creating 4 partitions on a basic disk. Information about the location and size of each partition is stored in the partition table of the Master Boot Record (MBR).  A basic disk can have only ONE extended partition. A primary partition can be marked as active so the computer can “look” there for the boot files needed to load the operating system.

4. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE4 USING BASIC STORAGE  Supported by all versions of Windows and MS-DOS.  The default storage type for Windows Server 2003.  Each disk is divided into partitions, which can be either primary or extended.  Supported by all versions of Windows and MS-DOS.  The default storage type for Windows Server 2003.  Each disk is divided into partitions, which can be either primary or extended.

5. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE5 USING DYNAMIC STORAGE  Supported by Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003.  One disk consists of one partition.  Volumes are created within the partition.  Supports spanning, striping, and RAID implementations.  A spanned volume contains space from more than one physical disk …can use up to 32 disks, the space used on each disk can be different. Disk space is used sequentially. NO FAULT TOLERANCE is provided by spanned volumes. If one of the disks is lost in a spanned volume, ALL data will be lost.  A striped volume (RAID - 0) combines areas of free space from up to 32 disks into one logical volume. Data is written to each of the physical disks in the volume (a stripe set) at the same rate. The system writes data in 64K blocks to each disk in turn. If one of the physical disks in the striped set is lost, the entire volume lost (all data). Stripe Sets provide NO FAULT TOLERANCE.  Supported by Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003.  One disk consists of one partition.  Volumes are created within the partition.  Supports spanning, striping, and RAID implementations.  A spanned volume contains space from more than one physical disk …can use up to 32 disks, the space used on each disk can be different. Disk space is used sequentially. NO FAULT TOLERANCE is provided by spanned volumes. If one of the disks is lost in a spanned volume, ALL data will be lost.  A striped volume (RAID - 0) combines areas of free space from up to 32 disks into one logical volume. Data is written to each of the physical disks in the volume (a stripe set) at the same rate. The system writes data in 64K blocks to each disk in turn. If one of the physical disks in the striped set is lost, the entire volume lost (all data). Stripe Sets provide NO FAULT TOLERANCE.

6. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE6 USING DYNAMIC STORAGE  RAID – 1 Known as a Mirrored Volume consists of two identical copies of a simple volume, each copy on a separate physical disk. All data stored on the volume is written to both disks simultaneously. Mirrored Volumes PROVIDE FAULT TOLERANCE. If one disk fails, the other continues to function. Disadvantage, the volumes capacity is only half of the available physical disk space.  RAID – 5 Known as Disk Striping with Parity (checksum information). Data is striped across 3 or more (up to 32) physical disks, which will appear as a single volume. (One letter) The system writes data to all of the physical disks at the same rate (64K blocks) but, included with the data in each block is parity information. If a single disk in the volume fails, the remaining disks can regenerate the missing data through calculations involving the parity. This will tax the system, until the failed disk is replaced. The total amount of space the parity data uses is no larger than the size of the space on ONE disk. RAID – 5 volumes PROVIDE FAULT TOLERANCE.  The operating system CAN NOT be installed on a spanned, striped, or RAID – 5 volume, and you can not extend or span the system volume after the OS installation.  You CAN mirror the system volume.  RAID – 1 Known as a Mirrored Volume consists of two identical copies of a simple volume, each copy on a separate physical disk. All data stored on the volume is written to both disks simultaneously. Mirrored Volumes PROVIDE FAULT TOLERANCE. If one disk fails, the other continues to function. Disadvantage, the volumes capacity is only half of the available physical disk space.  RAID – 5 Known as Disk Striping with Parity (checksum information). Data is striped across 3 or more (up to 32) physical disks, which will appear as a single volume. (One letter) The system writes data to all of the physical disks at the same rate (64K blocks) but, included with the data in each block is parity information. If a single disk in the volume fails, the remaining disks can regenerate the missing data through calculations involving the parity. This will tax the system, until the failed disk is replaced. The total amount of space the parity data uses is no larger than the size of the space on ONE disk. RAID – 5 volumes PROVIDE FAULT TOLERANCE.  The operating system CAN NOT be installed on a spanned, striped, or RAID – 5 volume, and you can not extend or span the system volume after the OS installation.  You CAN mirror the system volume.

7. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE7 BASIC VS. DYNAMIC DISKS  By default, all disks are basic.  Basic disks can be easily converted to dynamic disks. With no loss of data  Converting a disk from dynamic to basic causes all data to be lost. Dynamic disks can only be accessed by computers running Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000.  The Local Disk Manager (LDM) database is replicated among all disks in a group, which increases the resilience of disk configuration, of the group’s disks. This makes it hard to transfer a dynamic disk which is used to start the operating system to another computer when the original computer fails.  You need 2 or more disks to use the advanced features of dynamic disks, like spanned and striped disks.  By default, all disks are basic.  Basic disks can be easily converted to dynamic disks. With no loss of data  Converting a disk from dynamic to basic causes all data to be lost. Dynamic disks can only be accessed by computers running Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000.  The Local Disk Manager (LDM) database is replicated among all disks in a group, which increases the resilience of disk configuration, of the group’s disks. This makes it hard to transfer a dynamic disk which is used to start the operating system to another computer when the original computer fails.  You need 2 or more disks to use the advanced features of dynamic disks, like spanned and striped disks.

8. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE8 USING DISK MANAGEMENT

9. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE9 USING DISKPART.EXE TO MANAGE DISKS  Microsoft Windows [Version 5.2.3790]  (C) Copyright 1985-2003 Microsoft Corp.  E:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>diskpart.exe  Microsoft DiskPart version 5.2.3790  Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Microsoft Corporation.  On computer: INSTRUCTOR01  DISKPART> ?  Microsoft DiskPart version 5.2.3790  ADD - Add a mirror to a simple volume.  ACTIVE - Marks the current basic partition as active.  ASSIGN - Assign a drive letter or mount point to the selected volume.  AUTOMOUNT - Enables and disables automatic mounting of basic volumes.  BREAK - Break a mirror set.  CLEAN - Clear the configuration information, or all information, off the disk.  CONVERT - Converts between different disk formats.  Microsoft Windows [Version 5.2.3790]  (C) Copyright 1985-2003 Microsoft Corp.  E:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>diskpart.exe  Microsoft DiskPart version 5.2.3790  Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Microsoft Corporation.  On computer: INSTRUCTOR01  DISKPART> ?  Microsoft DiskPart version 5.2.3790  ADD - Add a mirror to a simple volume.  ACTIVE - Marks the current basic partition as active.  ASSIGN - Assign a drive letter or mount point to the selected volume.  AUTOMOUNT - Enables and disables automatic mounting of basic volumes.  BREAK - Break a mirror set.  CLEAN - Clear the configuration information, or all information, off the disk.  CONVERT - Converts between different disk formats.

10. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE10 USING DISKPART.EXE TO MANAGE DISKS  CREATE - Create a volume or partition.  DELETE - Delete an object.  DETAIL - Provide details about an object.  EXIT - Exit DiskPart  EXTEND - Extend a volume.  GPT - Assigns attributes to the selected GPT partition.  HELP - Prints a list of commands.  IMPORT - Imports a disk group.  INACTIVE - Marks the current basic partition as inactive.  LIST - Prints out a list of objects.  ONLINE - Online a disk that is currently marked as offline.  REM - Does nothing. Used to comment scripts.  REMOVE - Remove a drive letter or mount point assignment.  REPAIR - Repairs a RAID-5 volume with a failed member.  RESCAN - Rescan the computer looking for disks and volumes.  RETAIN - Place a retained partition under a simple volume.  SELECT - Move the focus to an object.  DISKPART>  CREATE - Create a volume or partition.  DELETE - Delete an object.  DETAIL - Provide details about an object.  EXIT - Exit DiskPart  EXTEND - Extend a volume.  GPT - Assigns attributes to the selected GPT partition.  HELP - Prints a list of commands.  IMPORT - Imports a disk group.  INACTIVE - Marks the current basic partition as inactive.  LIST - Prints out a list of objects.  ONLINE - Online a disk that is currently marked as offline.  REM - Does nothing. Used to comment scripts.  REMOVE - Remove a drive letter or mount point assignment.  REPAIR - Repairs a RAID-5 volume with a failed member.  RESCAN - Rescan the computer looking for disks and volumes.  RETAIN - Place a retained partition under a simple volume.  SELECT - Move the focus to an object.  DISKPART>

11. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE11 DISKPART SYNTAX SAMPLE  Microsoft Windows [Version 5.2.3790]  (C) Copyright 1985-2003 Microsoft Corp.  E:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>diskpart  Microsoft DiskPart version 5.2.3790  Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Microsoft Corporation.  On computer: INSTRUCTOR01  DISKPART> select disk 0  Disk 0 is now the selected disk.  DISKPART> detail disk  HTS548060M9AT00  Disk ID: A8000000  Type : ATA  Bus : 0  Target : 0  LUN ID : 0 ( definition LUN = Logical Unit Number )  Volume ### Ltr Label Fs Type Size Status Info  ---------- --- ----------- ----- ---------- ------- --------- --------  Volume 1 C Win2000 NTFS Partition 10 GB Healthy System  Volume 2 E Server2003 NTFS Partition 10 GB Healthy Boot  Volume 3 F Drivers_Dat NTFS Partition 15 GB Healthy  Volume 4 G PPT+Tools NTFS Partition 11 GB Healthy  Volume 5 H Apps NTFS Partition 11 GB Healthy  DISKPART>  Microsoft Windows [Version 5.2.3790]  (C) Copyright 1985-2003 Microsoft Corp.  E:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>diskpart  Microsoft DiskPart version 5.2.3790  Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Microsoft Corporation.  On computer: INSTRUCTOR01  DISKPART> select disk 0  Disk 0 is now the selected disk.  DISKPART> detail disk  HTS548060M9AT00  Disk ID: A8000000  Type : ATA  Bus : 0  Target : 0  LUN ID : 0 ( definition LUN = Logical Unit Number )  Volume ### Ltr Label Fs Type Size Status Info  ---------- --- ----------- ----- ---------- ------- --------- --------  Volume 1 C Win2000 NTFS Partition 10 GB Healthy System  Volume 2 E Server2003 NTFS Partition 10 GB Healthy Boot  Volume 3 F Drivers_Dat NTFS Partition 15 GB Healthy  Volume 4 G PPT+Tools NTFS Partition 11 GB Healthy  Volume 5 H Apps NTFS Partition 11 GB Healthy  DISKPART>

12. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE12  DISKPART> select disk 0  Disk 0 is now the selected disk.  DISKPART> list partition  Partition ### Type Size Offset  ------------- ---------------- ------- -------  Partition 1 Primary 10 GB 32 KB  Partition 2 Primary 10 GB 10 GB  Partition 3 Primary 15 GB 20 GB  Partition 4 Extended 22 GB 34 GB  Partition 5 Logical 11 GB 34 GB  Partition 6 Logical 11 GB 45 GB  DISKPART> list volume  Volume ### Ltr Label Fs Type Size Status Info  ---------- --- ----------- ----- ---------- ------- --------- --------  Volume 0 D DVD-ROM 0 B Healthy  Volume 1 C Contoso WIN NTFS Partition 10 GB Healthy System  Volume 2 E Server2003 NTFS Partition 10 GB Healthy Boot  Volume 3 F Drivers_Dat NTFS Partition 15 GB Healthy  Volume 4 G PPT+Tools NTFS Partition 11 GB Healthy  Volume 5 H Apps NTFS Partition 11 GB Healthy  DISKPART> list disk  Disk ### Status Size Free Dyn Gpt  -------- ---------- ------- ------- --- ---  * Disk 0 Online 56 GB 0 B  DISKPART>  DISKPART> select disk 0  Disk 0 is now the selected disk.  DISKPART> list partition  Partition ### Type Size Offset  ------------- ---------------- ------- -------  Partition 1 Primary 10 GB 32 KB  Partition 2 Primary 10 GB 10 GB  Partition 3 Primary 15 GB 20 GB  Partition 4 Extended 22 GB 34 GB  Partition 5 Logical 11 GB 34 GB  Partition 6 Logical 11 GB 45 GB  DISKPART> list volume  Volume ### Ltr Label Fs Type Size Status Info  ---------- --- ----------- ----- ---------- ------- --------- --------  Volume 0 D DVD-ROM 0 B Healthy  Volume 1 C Contoso WIN NTFS Partition 10 GB Healthy System  Volume 2 E Server2003 NTFS Partition 10 GB Healthy Boot  Volume 3 F Drivers_Dat NTFS Partition 15 GB Healthy  Volume 4 G PPT+Tools NTFS Partition 11 GB Healthy  Volume 5 H Apps NTFS Partition 11 GB Healthy  DISKPART> list disk  Disk ### Status Size Free Dyn Gpt  -------- ---------- ------- ------- --- ---  * Disk 0 Online 56 GB 0 B  DISKPART>

13. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE13 ADDING STORAGE  Physically install the disk(s).  Initialize the disk(s).  On a basic disk, create partitions. On a dynamic disk, create volumes.  Format the volumes.  Assign drive letters to the volumes.  Physically install the disk(s).  Initialize the disk(s).  On a basic disk, create partitions. On a dynamic disk, create volumes.  Format the volumes.  Assign drive letters to the volumes.

14. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE14 INSTALLING A DISK  Physically install the disk.  Windows Server 2003 should recognize the new device automatically.  If it does not, select Rescan Disks from the Action menu in Disk Management.  Physically install the disk.  Windows Server 2003 should recognize the new device automatically.  If it does not, select Rescan Disks from the Action menu in Disk Management.

15. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE15 INITIALIZING THE DISK  All disks must be initialized before they can be used.  Initialization causes the Master Boot Record (MBR) (basic disk) or GUID Partition Table (GPT) (dynamic disk) to be written. (see next slide)  The Initialize And Convert Disk Wizard should launch automatically after a new disk is installed.  All disks must be initialized before they can be used.  Initialization causes the Master Boot Record (MBR) (basic disk) or GUID Partition Table (GPT) (dynamic disk) to be written. (see next slide)  The Initialize And Convert Disk Wizard should launch automatically after a new disk is installed.

16. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE16

17. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE17 CREATING BASIC DISK PARTITIONS

18. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE18 CONVERTING A BASIC DISK TO A DYNAMIC DISK  Make a backup before converting.  Partitions and logical drives are converted to simple volumes.  Existing Windows NT volume sets and stripe sets are converted to spanned volumes and striped volumes, respectively.  Make a backup before converting.  Partitions and logical drives are converted to simple volumes.  Existing Windows NT volume sets and stripe sets are converted to spanned volumes and striped volumes, respectively.

19. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE19 CREATING DYNAMIC DISK VOLUMES

20. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE20 CREATING SIMPLE VOLUMES  A simple volume can be created from free space on a single disk.  A simple volume can be extended using free space on the same disk, as long as it is not the system/ boot volume.  To create a simple volume using the New Volume Wizard, in the Disk Management console, right-click unallocated space on a disk and select New Volume.  A simple volume can be created from free space on a single disk.  A simple volume can be extended using free space on the same disk, as long as it is not the system/ boot volume.  To create a simple volume using the New Volume Wizard, in the Disk Management console, right-click unallocated space on a disk and select New Volume.

21. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE21 CREATING OTHER VOLUME TYPES  Spanned Uses space from multiple disks appearing as single volume.  Striped (RAID-0) Uses space from multiple disks appearing as single volume; data is written across all drives in the striped set at the same rate.  Mirrored (RAID-1) An identical copy of a volume is created on another physical disk, for fault tolerance.  RAID-5 Striped set with parity allows the system to continue running in the event of a single disk failure.  Spanned Uses space from multiple disks appearing as single volume.  Striped (RAID-0) Uses space from multiple disks appearing as single volume; data is written across all drives in the striped set at the same rate.  Mirrored (RAID-1) An identical copy of a volume is created on another physical disk, for fault tolerance.  RAID-5 Striped set with parity allows the system to continue running in the event of a single disk failure.

22. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE22 WORKING WITH MIRRORED VOLUMES  Data is written to both drives simultaneously.  Can be used to provide fault tolerance to the system/boot volume on a Windows Server 2003 system.  Does not degrade performance.  Data is written to both drives simultaneously.  Can be used to provide fault tolerance to the system/boot volume on a Windows Server 2003 system.  Does not degrade performance.

23. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE23 CONVERTING A SIMPLE VOLUME TO A MIRRORED VOLUME  Only requirement is a drive with sufficient space to hold the mirrored data.  Data is copied to the new drive sector by sector.  Drive’s status in the Disk Management console shows as Resynching while data is copied.  Only requirement is a drive with sufficient space to hold the mirrored data.  Data is copied to the new drive sector by sector.  Drive’s status in the Disk Management console shows as Resynching while data is copied.

24. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE24 RECOVERING FROM MIRRORED DISK FAILURES Disk failure could be as a result of a bad cable connection, or a bad power supply. Select the disk and then on the action menu, point to all tasks and select reactivate Disk or Volume. This will bring the disk or volume back online, then the system will resynchronize the disks.

25. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE25 WORKING WITH RAID  Non-fault-tolerant RAID implementations  RAID-0: Disk striping without parity  Fault-tolerant RAID implementations  RAID-1: Disk mirroring  RAID-5: Disk striping with parity  Non-fault-tolerant RAID implementations  RAID-0: Disk striping without parity  Fault-tolerant RAID implementations  RAID-1: Disk mirroring  RAID-5: Disk striping with parity

26. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE26 CHOOSING A RAID TECHNOLOGY M M i i r r r r o o r r e e d d V V o o l l u u m m e e s s ( ( R R A A I I D D - - 1 1 ) ) S S t t r r i i p p e e d d V V o o l l u u m m e e s s w w i i t t h h P P a a r r i i t t y y ( ( R R A A I I D D - - 5 5 ) ) Can protect system or boot partition Cannot protect system or boot partition Requires two hard disksRequires a minimum of three hard disks and allows a maximum of 32 hard disks Has a higher cost per MBHas a lower cost per MB 50 percent redundancy33 percent maximum redundancy Has good read and write performance Has excellent read and moderate write performance Uses less system memoryRequires more system memory

27. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE27 ASSIGNING DRIVE LETTERS Instead of assigning a drive letter to a volume, you can mount the volume in an EMPTY folder on an NTFS formatted drive. The folder will display a drive volume icon, and when users navigate to and use that folder, they are automatically redirected to the mounted volume.

28. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE28 FORMATTING VOLUMES File System choices are FAT, FAT32, and NTFS. FAT and FAT32 are included for backwards compatibility reasons. NTFS offers advanced capabilities such as access control (permissions), compression, and disk quotas. When formatting a volume on a dynamic disk with this wizard, only the NTFS option is available. To format a dynamic disk using FAT or FAT32, you must use the command line Format.exe utility. Allocation Unit size: Default size is 4KB, if you intend to store only large files, a larger cluster size, for small files, a smaller cluster size. Default is sufficient for most implementations. A quick format does not scan the disk for bad sectors. If the disk has been formatted before, and you are convinced there are no bad sectors, choose this and formatting time will be greatly reduced.

29. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE29 EXTENDING DYNAMIC VOLUMES

30. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE30 MANAGING DISK STORAGE  Using Check Disk  Using Disk Defragmenter  Implementing disk quotas  Using Check Disk  Using Disk Defragmenter  Implementing disk quotas

31. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE31 USING CHECK DISK Check Disk or Chkdsk.exe is a tool that enables you to scan a disk volume and look for file system errors and, optionally, test for and attempt to recover bad sectors on the hard disk. Check disk makes 3 passes over the drive to examine the metadata, which is data describing how files are organized on the disk. i.e. ensuring that all files on the volume are consistent with the master file table (MFT), that the directory structure is correct, and that the security descriptors are consistent. If you select Scan for and attempt to recover bad sectors, check disk makes a fourth pass over the disk to test the sectors on the disk reserved for user data (as opposed to file system data which is always checked). If a bad sector is found, the data will be recovered and moved to a good sector IF the volume is Fault Tolerant; if the volume is NOT Fault Tolerant, the data cannot be recovered using Check Disk and must be restored from backup. Check Disk will then “mark” the sector as bad and remove it from active use.

32. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE32 USING DISK DEFRAGMENTER Each cluster can only hold one file, even if the file is smaller than the cluster size. If the file is larger than the cluster size, it’s saved to multiple clusters, with each cluster containing a pointer to the next segment of the file. When disks are new, a files clusters are adjacent to each other. Over time, after files are deleted or enlarged or contracted in size, free clusters are no longer contiguous, meaning a file might be saved to clusters that are not physically close to each other. This is known as file fragmentation.

33. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE33 IMPLEMENTING DISK QUOTAS It is recommended that you use the Disk Management snap-in to manage and configure Disk Quotas. This provides more flexibility, for example from explorer you can’t set the quota for mounted volumes, from the snap- in, you can. Disk quota logged events are logged in the System Log, which can be viewed by using event viewer.

34. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE34 ENABLING QUOTAS  Quotas are enabled on a volume-by-volume basis.  Exceptions to quotas can be configured on a per-user basis.  Every file owned by a user counts toward her quota total.  Quotas are enabled on a volume-by-volume basis.  Exceptions to quotas can be configured on a per-user basis.  Every file owned by a user counts toward her quota total.

35. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE35 CONFIGURING QUOTA DEFAULTS  Set warning levels to alert users when they approach their quota limit.  Set restrictions to prevent users from exceeding their quota limit.  Logging related to quota events can be enabled.  Set warning levels to alert users when they approach their quota limit.  Set restrictions to prevent users from exceeding their quota limit.  Logging related to quota events can be enabled.

36. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE36 CREATING QUOTA ENTRIES

37. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE37 EXPORTING QUOTA ENTRIES  Allows quota settings to be applied to another volume.  Destination volume must be formatted with NTFS.  Only limits and configurations are exported, not the current quota usage.  Allows quota settings to be applied to another volume.  Destination volume must be formatted with NTFS.  Only limits and configurations are exported, not the current quota usage.

38. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE38 MONITORING QUOTAS AND STORAGE  Quota limits and percentage used can be viewed through the Quota Entries dialog box.  The Quota Entries dialog box can be accessed by viewing a volume’s properties in Windows Explorer or Disk Management.  Quota limits and percentage used can be viewed through the Quota Entries dialog box.  The Quota Entries dialog box can be accessed by viewing a volume’s properties in Windows Explorer or Disk Management.

39. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE39 SUMMARY  Windows Server 2003 supports two types of storage, basic and dynamic, and three file systems, FAT, FAT32, and NTFS.  Basic disks and the FAT file system provide back- ward compatibility with older Windows operating systems but are limited in their capabilities.  Dynamic disks provide flexible and powerful options in configurations with more than one disk.  Windows Server 2003 supports two types of storage, basic and dynamic, and three file systems, FAT, FAT32, and NTFS.  Basic disks and the FAT file system provide back- ward compatibility with older Windows operating systems but are limited in their capabilities.  Dynamic disks provide flexible and powerful options in configurations with more than one disk.

40. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE40 SUMMARY (continued)  Basic disks can be converted to dynamic disks with no data loss, but all data and volumes must be deleted to convert a dynamic disk back to a basic disk.  Dynamic disks support simple, spanned, striped, mirrored, and RAID-5 volumes, to provide storage according to capacity, performance, and fault- tolerance requirements.  Basic disks can be converted to dynamic disks with no data loss, but all data and volumes must be deleted to convert a dynamic disk back to a basic disk.  Dynamic disks support simple, spanned, striped, mirrored, and RAID-5 volumes, to provide storage according to capacity, performance, and fault- tolerance requirements.

41. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE41 SUMMARY (continued)  Fault tolerance is provided by mirrored (RAID-1) volumes and striped-with-parity volumes (RAID-5).  Simple volumes, spanned volumes, striped volumes (RAID-0), and all basic disk logical drives are not fault tolerant.  You use the Disk Management snap-in to create and manage basic and dynamic disks.  Fault tolerance is provided by mirrored (RAID-1) volumes and striped-with-parity volumes (RAID-5).  Simple volumes, spanned volumes, striped volumes (RAID-0), and all basic disk logical drives are not fault tolerant.  You use the Disk Management snap-in to create and manage basic and dynamic disks.

42. Chapter 12: MANAGING DISK STORAGE42 SUMMARY (continued)  Disk volumes can become corrupted or fragmented and often fill to capacity. You can manage existing volumes using tools such as Check Disk, Disk Defragmenter, and Quota Manager.  You can use disk quotas to set and monitor storage limits and deny write access to users who exceed those limits.  Disk volumes can become corrupted or fragmented and often fill to capacity. You can manage existing volumes using tools such as Check Disk, Disk Defragmenter, and Quota Manager.  You can use disk quotas to set and monitor storage limits and deny write access to users who exceed those limits.