1. Internet regulation International

2. An issue of ownership Who owns your phone company? What does your phone company own? Who regulates your phone company? Why does it regulate it the way it does?

3. Ownership and the Internet Who owns the Internet? Tough question, two answers: 1. No one, because the Internet is not a “thing,” it is a collection of things – it is a “network of networks” 2. Vital parts of them are owned by key American and multinational entities, but parts are owned by international organizations or governments Root servers – run by several organizations, supervised by ICANN Root servers Backbone  27.9% - UUNET/WorldCom/MCI 10.0% - AT&T 6.5% - SprintUUNET/WorldCom/MCIAT&TSprint  Great Wall of China

4. The Internet is at its core A collection of networks united by Protocols (TCP, HTTP, etc) A system of addressing IP address system Domain Name System Root Domain Name Servers (master phone books) The core technologies (IP addresses, protocols) are not owned by anyone, are in the public domain

5. Who runs the Internet ICANN Responsible with maintaining the Domain Name system Responsible with maintaining the system by which the addresses are found (IP addresses) Settles domain names disputes Monitors the registrars Does not “own” the Internet Other organizations IETF and W3 consortium Maintain the Internet protocols IP Http CSS

6. ICANN A non-profit organization Incorporated in the US Has no power of law Makes sure technologies are kept neutral Only means of recourse in case of non- compliance, civil lawsuit (Registerfly example)

7. Important concepts IP address: allocated by ICANN to Regional organizations, who distribute them to ISPs Domain Name: allocated by ICANN to Registrars, who rent them to consumers IPv6: a system of addressing that can include 2 to the power of 168 combinations, as opposed to our current system, that only has 4 billion possible addresses (2 to the power of 32)

8. Key organizations Registrars: rental agencies for your Domain Names Go Daddy Network Solutions RegisterFly examples Internet Service Providers: Allocate Internet Protocol numbers (IP addresses) Backbone organizations (Tier 1 providers, Global Crossing)

9. Who else regulates the Internet internationally? Each national government Why? Because they can! Issues What is the Internet? Broadcast medium? Print medium? Oral medium?

10. Who should regulate the Internet internationally? ICANN – the current “governing” organization Is a technical body Is a non-profit organization incorporated in California Does not reflect the will of the nations, but of various activists and policy makers, from all over the world Should it be “upgraded”? Should it become something like ITU (International Telecommunications Union)? The US says NO If given too much power such organization could demand institutionalized censorship

11. How should it be regulated at the International level Market forces (Epstein and Hazlett) International Constitution/Organization based on a constitutional first amendment like provision (Noam) How much should be left to the national governments

12. Yahoo vs. France Yahoo sued in France for violating the French law against Nazi propaganda Sale of Nazi memorabilia on Yahoo Auctions using both.fr and.com domains Yahoo loses lawsuit: 15 mil and counting Yahoo sues back in an American court France should not regulate content on American servers, even if content is accessible to people in other countries

13. Yahoo vs. France American courts reluctant to take up the case Can impact Americans abroad Can impact local legislation Ultimately, the 9 Circuit Court of Appeals took up the case and told Yahoo to pay up Yahoo happy, since the American court accepted jurisdiction Fallout: what happens if China decides to forbid Google from serving pages about democracy?