1. Ethics, research on humans and publishing Karim Meeran October 2009

2. Literature How to read a paper The library, databases and searches How to write a paper. References (REFWORKS)

3. Literature Before starting a project, need to check that no one else has done it. Previously Index Medicus (large numbers of volumes in the library every month!)

4. Literature Now: PubMed Available free of charge to everyone http://www.pubmed.gov/

5. Finding references Use PubMed or other database Download abstract onto your database permanently Example: hypertension and adrenomedullin.

8. Pub Med http://www.pubmed.gov

9. Displaying references Directly in html format. Download pdf format (Acrobat).

12. Imperial College has paid subscriptions for students and staff If you are at home Use VPN Virtual private networking enables your home computer to appear with an IC address

15. Have you used VPN? You need to register, and then connect from home. You can then see references in full that IC have paid for.

16. What do you need to reference when you write? Not everything: some things are taken as known. Needs experience in the area. You will get this by reading papers.

17. Reading papers. Start NOW Print out papers that are given as important references to the topic being lectured to you and read them. Journal clubs.

18. Example: Vancouver system Adrenomedullin paper Vancouver system where the references are listed in numerical order

22. Example: Vancouver system If I want to add a reference, ALL the subsequent numbers will change throughout the entire text. This is bad news if I have written a 300 page thesis !

23. Example: Harvard system British Journal of Cancer Harvard system where the references are listed in alphabetical order.

28. Example: Harvard system British Journal of Cancer paper Harvard system where the references are listed in alphabetical order In the days of typewriters, it meant that you could add a reference in the middle of a long thesis without retyping the whole thing

29. Each publication has its own style This is a major pain if you submit a paper to a journal that rejects it and you want to submit it to another journal !

30. Each publication has its own style This is a major pain if you submit a paper to a journal that rejects it and you want to submit it to another journal ! Refworks is the solution !

32. Citing references When you write an essay or project, as evidential data. (and also your practical write up). Refer to previous work in the area. What do you need to reference?

33. Practical hands on use Cite while you write : Link WORD with refworks. Run in the library. Very important that you attend your allocated session.

51. Password NOT Needed again

58. Refworks tutorial demo http://www.refworks.com/

59. Refworks tutorial demo Run it now… Why bother Navigating… Getting… For Pubmed use “Importing text files”

60. Refworks for your practical Using refworks is COMPULSORY You must submit both the final version (in British Medical Journal format) as well as the one used by refworks.

67. Recent data on TCF7L2 A new gene for diabetes? Write an essay…

70. Demonstration Using refworks to generate a paper in the format of “New England Journal of Medicine”.

72. Journals Impact factors vary between journals. General journals (BMJ, NEJM, Cell, JCEM) have high factors. Papers written in “good” journals are good for ones career !

73. Writing papers for Journals Initially submit to best journal ! If they reject you, retype the entire paper in format of another journal (Done automatically by refworks) Resubmit until accepted.

77. Evidence (NNT) 7 persons would have to participate in lifestyle modification to prevent one case of diabetes 14 would have to receive metformin to prevent 1 case

78. We can prevent diabetes By helping people to use their brains to overcome the demands of the hypothalamus By ONLY modifying behaviour.

79. Summary Register for VPN today Get used to refworks asap. Compulsory for practical write up. Run the refworks tutorial, and try it out yourself this week.