1. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Additions by M. Lynde CCHS, Currituck, NC

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

4. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

5. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

6. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

7. Erie Canal System

8. Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

9. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

10. Principal Canals in 1840

11. Inland Freight Rates

12. Clipper Ships

13. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

14. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

16. Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “

17. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

18. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

19. Introduction of Factory System

20. Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

21. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

22. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

23. Jokes about wealth of agricultural produced in West (few in the East believed it) For years, the reports of remarkable harvests in that distant portion of our country were not believed in the East. Thirty and sixty bushels of wheat, and seventy-five of corn, to the acre, was simply a "Western lie." Eastern farmers, accustomed to raise a few acres of grain, -- five, ten, perhaps twenty acres,-- contemptuously sneered at the newspaper report of ten thousand acres of corn and wheat on a single farm. I got a letter from a man who lives in my orchard just before I left home, and it had been three weeks getting to the dwelling-house, although it had been travelled day and night." "Distances are pretty wide up there, ain't they?" inquired a New Utrecht agriculturist. "Distances are pretty wide up there, ain't they?" inquired a New Utrecht agriculturist. "Reasonably, reasonably," replied the Dakota man. "And the worst of it is, it breaks up families so. Two years ago I saw a whole family prostrated with grief, -- women yelling, children howling, and dogs barking. One of my men had his camp truck packed on seven four-mule teams, and he was around bidding everybody good-by." "Reasonably, reasonably," replied the Dakota man. "And the worst of it is, it breaks up families so. Two years ago I saw a whole family prostrated with grief, -- women yelling, children howling, and dogs barking. One of my men had his camp truck packed on seven four-mule teams, and he was around bidding everybody good-by." "Where was he going?" asked a Gravesend man. "Where was he going?" asked a Gravesend man. "He was going half-way across the farm to feed the pigs," replied the Dakota man. "He was going half-way across the farm to feed the pigs," replied the Dakota man. "Did he ever get back to his family?" "Did he ever get back to his family?" "It isn't time for him yet," returned the Dakota gentlemen. "Up there we send young married couples to milk the cows, and their children bring home the milk." "It isn't time for him yet," returned the Dakota gentlemen. "Up there we send young married couples to milk the cows, and their children bring home the milk."

24. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

25. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

26. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

27. z They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. The “American Dream” A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

29. Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860 The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.

30. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings: * Fletcher v. Peck (1810) * Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) * McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) * Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) * Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1835) General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, 1848. Laissez faire  BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

31. Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

32. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

33. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

34. Lowell in 1850

35. Lowell Mill

36. Early Textile Loom

37. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

38. New England Dominance in Textiles

39. Starting for Lowell

40. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

41. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

42. Lowell Mills Time Table

43. Early “Union” Newsletter

44. The Factory Girl’s Garland February 20, 1845 issue.

45. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fear From breathing in the poison air Wishing for windows! I'm a factory girl Tired from the 13 hours of wok each day And we have such low pay Wishing for shorten work times! I'm a factory girl Never having enough time to eat Nor to rest my feet Wishing for more free time! I'm a factory girl Sick of all this harsh conditions Making me want to sign the petition! So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

46. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

47. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

49. Regional Specialization EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

50. American Population Centers in 1820

51. American Population Centers in 1860

52. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?

53. Life in the cities http://www.mclib.org/MC1869.JPG

54. Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

55. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

56. Market Revolution Transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into a national network of industry and commerceTransformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into a national network of industry and commerce – More and more farmhands, women linked their fate to market economy and self-sufficient households transformed – planted crops for sale and bought needed items – revolution in division of labor and status within the household

57. 1.Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U.S. economy. 2.Id the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and helped fuel the country’s economic growth 3.Explain how improved transportation and communication systems helped to link America’s regions and make them more interdependent.

58. 1.Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U.S. economy. Market revolution, specialization, entrepreneurs finance and drive the economy, new inventions 2.Id the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and helped fuel the country’s economic growth Goodyear vulcanized rubber, Elias Howe sewing machine, Samuel Morse’s Telegraph, steamboat (Fulton), canals (Erie), railroads 3.Explain how improved transportation and communication systems helped to link America’s regions and make them more interdependent. Northeast (NY) becomes center of commerce, farming w/ John Deere’s steel plow and McCormicks’s mechanical reaper change type of farming and farmer, South where cotton is king (no factories)

59. ECONOMIC? SOCIAL? POLITICAL? FUTURE PROBLEMS?