1. Carrie Brown-Smith University of Memphis @brizzyc #MEMSTORM: TWITTER AS A COMMUNITY-DRIVEN BREAKING NEWS REPORTING TOOL

2. APRIL 2011

6. HEIGHT OF THE STORM #memstorm impressions reached 1.4 million Over 200,000 Twitter accounts were reached 0.01 percent of all tweets on Twitter were tagged with #memstor m **Source: Aaron Prather, local technology entrepreneur and CEO of startup StiQRd

7. RESEARCH QUESTIONS How did the hashtag come into use in Memphis as a way of reporting on the storm? What are some of the uses & gratifications of Twitter use during a breaking news situation such as #memstorm? What motivates the public to participate? How is this new system of “ambient journalism” affecting local journalism? What kinds of ongoing role can journalists play in this increasingly participatory, always-on news environment?

8. AMBIENT JOURNALISM/PARTICIPATORY JOURNALISM News today is all around us, all the time, often held in our hands in the form of a mobile device, but we are also not simply receivers of this news but also contributors to it as we go about our day and share observations and information with the world. - Alfred Hermida

9. METHODS Content analysis of 1639 tweets tagged with the #memstorm hashtag during April 2011 storms Interviews with prolific hashtag users and local journalists Survey Participant observation

10. R1: How did the hashtag come into use in Memphis as a way of reporting on the storm?

11. LOCAL TECH ENTREPRENEUR AARON PRATHER PRESENTS AT IGNITE MEMPHIS

12. PRATHER:

13. FOXSTORM VS. #MEMSTORM

14. THE BACKLASH

16. BE NICE, SOME SAY

17. R2: What are some of the uses & gratifications of Twitter use during a breaking news situation such as #memstorm? What motivates the public to participate?

18. KEY FINDINGS Sharing news and information is, not surprisingly, a key motivation for using Twitter/the hashtag. Direct observations/eyewitness accounts is most popular, followed by more general information e.g. watches and warnings.

19. NEWS AND INFORMATION Tweet Was…Number in sample Witnessing/Direct Observations239 Sharing general news/info46 Includes link10 From newspaper4 From television9 From undetermined source/other22 From NWS or independent1

20. Retweet was…Number Witnessing45 News/Information317 Includes link23 From newspaper21 From television180 From undetermined/other18 From independent/NWS75

23. #MEMFLOOD LATER THAT YEAR

24. KEY FINDINGS CONTINUED Connecting with others/building community is another key motivation for using the hashtag. Related: Sharing feelings, expressing fears, etc. Joking around Asking questions/seeking help Talking about Twitter/the hashtag/Foxstorm vs. Memstorm Praising journalists for their storm coverage

25. CONNECTING WITH OTHERS/BUILDING COMMUNITY “I feel like I have company, a community, and we are all going through something together.” “It gives a sense of comfort to be able to talk to other people, because I am so afraid of tornados.” “Twitter has a huge advantage over traditional sources because it creates more of a community. Everyone is looking out for everyone else during these severe weather events.”

27. JOKING AROUND

29. ASKING QUESTIONS “Wondering what #memstorm and #memtraffic is like in midtown since I have to go to work.” “We have people [in our restaurant] concerned about Hernando. Anyone know is Hernando is going to be in any trouble at all? #memstorm” “Sirens at work. Can anyone give me an update on the Germantown/Collierville area? #memstorm”

30. How is this new system of “ambient journalism” affecting local journalism? What kinds of ongoing role can journalists play in this increasingly participatory, always-on news environment?

31. ROLE OF JOURNALISTS, IN BRIEF (SURVEYS/INTERVIEWS) VERIFY AMPLIFY/CURATE SHARE INFORMATION USING NEW DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL ENGAGE WITH AUDIENCE PROVIDE LOCATION-SPECIFIC INFORMATION

32. IN APRIL 2011, STILL MOSTLY ONE-WAY, BROADCAST MODEL TweetsNumber News/information280 Total replys5 Total retweets38 Of other journalists31

33. 80/20 BROADCAST/ENGAGEMENT DURING STORMS; 60/40 NORMAL DAY

34. RETWEETING WITNESS PHOTOS

35. WHEN NON-JOURNALISTS WERE ASKED THEIR VIEWS ON ROLE OF JOURNALSIM: “Journalists can participate by interacting. If they aren’t interacting and just dishing out 140-character bites of news, the advantage is gone and the viewer might as well be reading a news app or watching the weatherman flip his wig. The talkback factor is invaluable.” “The TV stations in New York are now saying, Tweet us a question, and we will ask it on air. I’ve been telling media here, you know, just use Twitter to ask questions and use Twitter to get information you need. Clearly [journalists] are needed. Clearly their jobs are not going away. Clearly they have the responsibility to report non-biased, factual, checked-out, verified information, but that doesn’t mean they have to break [news] all the time. Their job has to be, we may not be first all the time, but we have to be right. Somebody make break that Whitney Houston died, unconfirmed, because they may know it somehow, but that’s okay, the media has to be okay with that, they have to be, we are trying to verify.” – head of a local marketing firm

36. VERIFY (NOT A TORNADO)

37. NEW IN MARCH 2012

38. CONTACT: Carrie Brown-Smith University of Memphis carrielisabrown@gmail.com @brizzyc